{"doi":"10.3389/fonc.2021.662302","title":"A Comparison Between Chemo-Radiotherapy Combined With Immunotherapy and Chemo-Radiotherapy Alone for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","abstract":"Background Immunotherapy for GBM is an emerging field which is increasingly being investigated in combination with standard of care treatment options with variable reported success rates. Objective To perform a systematic review of the available data to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining immunotherapy with standard of care chemo-radiotherapy following surgical resection for the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM. Methods A literature search was performed for published clinical trials evaluating immunotherapy for GBM from January 1, 2000, to October 1, 2020, in PubMed and Cochrane using PICOS/PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines. Only clinical trials with two arms (combined therapy vs. control therapy) were included. Outcomes were then pooled using weighted random effects model for meta-analysis and compared using the Wald-type test. Primary outcomes included 1-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), secondary outcomes included severe adverse events (SAE) grade 3 or higher. Results Nine randomized phase II and/or III clinical trials were included in the analysis, totaling 1,239 patients. The meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in group’s 1-year OS [80.6% (95% CI: 68.6%–90.2%) vs. 72.6% (95% CI: 65.7%–78.9%), p = 0.15] or in 1-year PFS [37% (95% CI: 26.4%–48.2%) vs. 30.4% (95% CI: 25.4%–35.6%) p = 0.17] when the immunotherapy in combination with the standard of care group (combined therapy) was compared to the standard of care group alone (control). Severe adverse events grade 3 to 5 were more common in the immunotherapy and standard of care group than in the standard of care group (47.3%, 95% CI: 20.8–74.6%, vs 43.8%, 95% CI: 8.7–83.1, p = 0.81), but this effect also failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusion Our results suggests that immunotherapy can be safely combined with standard of care chemo-radiotherapy without significant increase in grade 3 to 5 SAE; however, there is no statistically significant increase in overall survival or progression free survival with the combination therapy.","journal":"Frontiers in Oncology","year":2021,"id":189148,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9503,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":702406,"name":"Jack Shireman","orcid":"0000-0002-5088-7805","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236258,"name":"Eric J. Lehrer","orcid":"0000-0002-1216-6230","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751744,"name":"Kelsey Bowman","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":407615,"name":"Henry Ruiz-García","orcid":"0000-0001-5817-5952","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751745,"name":"Mitchell J. Paukner","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":395992,"name":"Richard J. Chappell","orcid":"0000-0002-3891-0881","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":471182,"name":"Mahua Dey","orcid":"0000-0002-7024-5164","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295863,"name":"Montserrat Lara‐Velazquez","orcid":"0000-0003-3447-9139","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":71,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:14.547082Z","pmid":"34046356","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}