{"doi":"10.3389/fnins.2022.831055","title":"Consistent Changes in Cortico-Subthalamic Directed Connectivity Are Associated With the Induction of Parkinsonism in a Chronically Recorded Non-human Primate Model","abstract":"Parkinson's disease is a neurological disease with cardinal motor signs including bradykinesia and tremor. Although beta-band hypersynchrony in the cortico-basal ganglia network is thought to contribute to disease manifestation, the resulting effects on network connectivity are unclear. We examined local field potentials from a non-human primate across the naïve, mild, and moderate disease states (model was asymmetric, left-hemispheric dominant) and probed power spectral density as well as cortico-cortical and cortico-subthalamic connectivity using both coherence and Granger causality, which measure undirected and directed effective connectivity, respectively. Our network included the left subthalamic nucleus (L-STN), bilateral primary motor cortices (L-M1, R-M1), and bilateral premotor cortices (L-PMC, R-PMC). Results showed two distinct peaks (Peak A at 5-20 Hz, Peak B at 25-45 Hz) across all analyses. Power and coherence analyses showed widespread increases in power and connectivity in both the Peak A and Peak B bands with disease progression. For Granger causality, increases in Peak B connectivity and decreases in Peak A connectivity were associated with the disease. Induction of mild disease was associated with several changes in connectivity: (1) the cortico-subthalamic connectivity in the descending direction (L-PMC to L-STN) decreased in the Peak A range while the reciprocal, ascending connectivity (L-STN to L-PMC) increased in the Peak B range; this may play a role in generating beta-band hypersynchrony in the cortex, (2) both L-M1 to L-PMC and R-M1 to R-PMC causalities increased, which may either be compensatory or a pathologic effect of disease, and (3) a decrease in connectivity occurred from the R-PMC to R-M1. The only significant change seen between mild and moderate disease was increased right cortical connectivity, which may reflect compensation for the left-hemispheric dominant moderate disease state.","journal":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","year":2022,"id":293598,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9257,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":965790,"name":"Carmen Toth","orcid":"0000-0001-5767-766X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":512960,"name":"Brett A. Campbell","orcid":"0000-0002-1119-9727","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":767598,"name":"Hanbin Cho","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":674679,"name":"Francesco G. Pucci","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436288,"name":"Olivia Hogue","orcid":"0000-0002-3985-3831","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":316626,"name":"André G. Machado","orcid":"0000-0002-8132-5610","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":430050,"name":"Kenneth B. Baker","orcid":"0000-0002-4435-7015","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":930954,"name":"Joyce Chelangat Bore","orcid":"0000-0001-7985-0371","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:30:53.818562Z","pmid":"35310095","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}