{"doi":"10.3389/fnins.2021.640984","title":"Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Produces Cross-Modal Improvements in Visual Thresholds","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Stochastic resonance (SR) refers to a faint signal being enhanced with the addition of white noise. Previous studies have found that vestibular perceptual thresholds are lowered with noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (i.e., “in-channel” SR). Auditory white noise has been shown to improve tactile and visual thresholds, suggesting “cross-modal” SR.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>We investigated galvanic vestibular white noise (nGVS) (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 9 subjects) to determine the cross-modal effects on visual and auditory thresholds.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We measured auditory and visual perceptual thresholds of human subjects across a swath of different nGVS levels in order to determine if some individual-subject determined best nGVS level elicited a reduction in thresholds as compared the no noise condition (sham).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We found improvement in visual thresholds (by an average of 18%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.014). Subjects with higher (worse) visual thresholds with no stimulation (sham) improved more than those with lower thresholds (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.04). Auditory thresholds were unchanged by vestibular stimulation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>These results are the first demonstration of cross-modal improvement with galvanic vestibular stimulation, indicating galvanic vestibular white noise can produce cross-modal improvements in some sensory channels, but not all.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","year":2021,"id":654644,"datarank":0.4566783656585135,"base_score":3.044522437723423,"endowment":3.044522437723423,"self_citation_contribution":0.4566783656585135,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4566783656585135,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":20,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1708535,"name":"Sage O. Sherman","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1708536,"name":"Rachel Rise","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1708537,"name":"Alexander Kryuchkov","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1708538,"name":"Ponder Stine","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1003577,"name":"Allison P. Anderson","orcid":"0000-0001-7808-8557","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1190993,"name":"Torin K. Clark","orcid":"0000-0002-9345-9712","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1708534,"name":"Jamie L. Voros","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Produces Cross-Modal Improvements in Visual Thresholds","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Stochastic resonance (SR) refers to a faint signal being enhanced with the addition of white noise. Previous studies have found that vestibular perceptual thresholds are lowered with noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (i.e., “in-channel” SR). Auditory white noise has been shown to improve tactile and visual thresholds, suggesting “cross-modal” SR.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>We investigated galvanic vestibular white noise (nGVS) (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 9 subjects) to determine the cross-modal effects on visual and auditory thresholds.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We measured auditory and visual perceptual thresholds of human subjects across a swath of different nGVS levels in order to determine if some individual-subject determined best nGVS level elicited a reduction in thresholds as compared the no noise condition (sham).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We found improvement in visual thresholds (by an average of 18%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.014). Subjects with higher (worse) visual thresholds with no stimulation (sham) improved more than those with lower thresholds (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.04). Auditory thresholds were unchanged by vestibular stimulation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>These results are the first demonstration of cross-modal improvement with galvanic vestibular stimulation, indicating galvanic vestibular white noise can produce cross-modal improvements in some sensory channels, but not all.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.044522437723423,"endowment":3.044522437723423,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"33867923","pmcid":"PMC8044370","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3143343095","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.5828,"citation_percentile":0.81375385,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":8},{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1},{"year":2026,"count":4}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/articles/sq87bv86h","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.640984/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.640984/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.10568","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb5bf4a804d24f74ba09f760c588f3c1","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8044370","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.10568","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8044370","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8044370?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Neural dynamics and brain function","stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","Visual perception and processing mechanisms"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Galvanic vestibular stimulation","Vestibular system","Audiology","Stimulation","White noise","Noise (video)","Sensory system","Perception","Psychology","Medicine","Neuroscience","Computer science","Telecommunications","Artificial intelligence","Cross-modal","Gvs","Visual Thresholds","In-channel","Stochastic Resonance (Sr)"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T07:38:20.427156Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}