{"doi":"10.3389/fneur.2023.1110539","title":"Race, ethnicity, and clinical outcome following sport-related concussion: a systematic review","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review examined whether race or ethnicity are associated with clinical outcomes (e.g., time to return to school/sports, symptom duration, vestibular deficits, and neurocognitive functioning) following sport-related concussion among child, adolescent, or college-aged student athletes. Additionally, this review assessed whether the existing literature on this topic incorporated or included broader coverage of social determinants of health.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The online databases PubMed, MEDLINE<jats:sup>®</jats:sup>, PsycINFO<jats:sup>®</jats:sup>, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A total of 5,118 abstracts were screened and 12 studies met inclusion criteria, including 2,887 youth and young adults. Among the included articles, only 3 studies (25%) examined whether race and ethnicity were associated with outcomes following concussion as a primary objective. None of the studies assessed the association between social determinants of health and outcomes following concussion as a primary objective, although 5 studies (41.7%) addressed a social determinant of health or closely related topic as a secondary objective.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the literature to date is extremely limited and insufficient for drawing conclusions about whether race or ethnicity are categorically associated with outcomes from sport-related concussion, or more specifically, whether there are socioeconomic, structural, or cultural differences or disparities that might be associated with clinical outcome.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration</jats:title><jats:p>identifier: PROSPERO, CRD42016041479, CRD42019128300.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Frontiers in Neurology","year":2023,"id":671329,"datarank":0.5987928718006369,"base_score":2.995732273553991,"endowment":2.995732273553991,"self_citation_contribution":0.4493598410330987,"citation_network_contribution":0.14943303076753822,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4493598410330987,"citer_contribution":0.14943303076753822,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":19,"citer_count":15,"citers_with_citation_signal":9,"citers_with_endowment":9,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1354090,"name":"Charles E. Gaudet","orcid":"0000-0003-1602-9652","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":949593,"name":"Alicia Kissinger-Knox","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1248971,"name":"Brian C. Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-7726-2506","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1753825,"name":"Amy A. Hunter","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1447187,"name":"Marc A. Norman","orcid":"0000-0002-3015-1905","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691299,"name":"Altaf Saadi","orcid":"0000-0001-7522-6942","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":525557,"name":"Grant L. Iverson","orcid":"0000-0001-7348-9570","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":525556,"name":"Nathan E. Cook","orcid":"0000-0002-1946-9023","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Race, ethnicity, and clinical outcome following sport-related concussion: a systematic review","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review examined whether race or ethnicity are associated with clinical outcomes (e.g., time to return to school/sports, symptom duration, vestibular deficits, and neurocognitive functioning) following sport-related concussion among child, adolescent, or college-aged student athletes. Additionally, this review assessed whether the existing literature on this topic incorporated or included broader coverage of social determinants of health.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The online databases PubMed, MEDLINE<jats:sup>®</jats:sup>, PsycINFO<jats:sup>®</jats:sup>, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A total of 5,118 abstracts were screened and 12 studies met inclusion criteria, including 2,887 youth and young adults. Among the included articles, only 3 studies (25%) examined whether race and ethnicity were associated with outcomes following concussion as a primary objective. None of the studies assessed the association between social determinants of health and outcomes following concussion as a primary objective, although 5 studies (41.7%) addressed a social determinant of health or closely related topic as a secondary objective.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the literature to date is extremely limited and insufficient for drawing conclusions about whether race or ethnicity are categorically associated with outcomes from sport-related concussion, or more specifically, whether there are socioeconomic, structural, or cultural differences or disparities that might be associated with clinical outcome.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration</jats:title><jats:p>identifier: PROSPERO, CRD42016041479, CRD42019128300.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.995732273553991,"endowment":2.995732273553991,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37388549","pmcid":"PMC10306165","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4380684784","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NINDS NIH HHS","grant_id":"K23 NS128164","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":1.2872,"citation_percentile":0.78368186,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":8},{"year":2025,"count":7},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1110539/pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1110539/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1110539/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1110539","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37388549","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10306165","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/d90c740c35a042969431a678af7228c2","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10306165/pdf/fneur-14-1110539.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10306165","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10306165?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Traumatic Brain Injury Research","S100 Proteins and Annexins","Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["CINAHL","PsycINFO","Concussion","Ethnic group","MEDLINE","Medicine","Poison control","Socioeconomic status","Injury prevention","Clinical psychology","Psychology","Psychological intervention","Population","Psychiatry","RACE","Ethnicity","Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","Clinical Recovery","Social Determinants Of Health (Sdoh)"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Reduced inequalities"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T02:12:38.771762Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}