{"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124731","title":"Reliability and validity of the electronic version of the Hopkins verbal learning test-revised in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>The aging population is increasing, making it essential to have a standardized, convenient, and valid electronic memory test that can be accessed online for older people and caregivers. The electronic version of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) as a test with these advantages and its reliability and validity has not yet been tested. Thus, this study examined the reliability and validity of the electronic version of the HVLT-R in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people to provide a scientific basis for its future dissemination and use.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We included 1,925 healthy participants aged over 40, among whom 38 were retested after 3–6 months. In addition, 65 participants completed both the pad and paper-and-pencil versions of the HVLT-R (PAP-HVLT-R). We also recruited 42 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and 45 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. All participants completed the Pad-HVLT-R, the Hong Kong Brief Cognitive Test (HKBC), the Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and the Logical Memory Test (LM).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>(1) Reliability: the Cronbach’s α value was 0.94, the split-half reliability was 0.96. The test–retest correlation coefficients were moderate, ranging from 0.38 to 0.65 for direct variables and 0.16 to 0.52 for derived variables; (2) Concurrent validity: the Pad-HVLT-R showed a moderate correlation with the HKBC and BVMT-R, with correlation coefficients between total recall of 0.41 and 0.54, and between long-delayed recall of 0.42 and 0.59, respectively. It also showed a high correlation with the LM, with correlation coefficients of 0.72 for total recall and 0.62 for long-delayed recall; (3) Convergent validity: the Pad-HVLT-R was moderately correlated with the PAP version, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.29 to 0.53 for direct variables and 0.15 to 0.43 for derived variables; (4) Discriminant capacity: the Pad-HVLT-R was effective in differentiating AD patients, as demonstrated by the ROC analysis with AUC values of 0.834 and 0.934 for total recall and long-delayed recall, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>(1) The electronic version of HVLT-R has good reliability and validity in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people; (2) The electronic version of HVLT-R can be used as an effective tool to distinguish AD patients from healthy people.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","year":2023,"id":646039,"datarank":0.3596842909197557,"base_score":2.3978952727983707,"endowment":2.3978952727983707,"self_citation_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":10,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":633201,"name":"Ming Xu","orcid":"0000-0003-1680-3628","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1682464,"name":"Shunyao Xia","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1131924,"name":"Jiahui Zhu","orcid":"0009-0003-2157-8768","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":81080,"name":"Qi Zhou","orcid":"0000-0002-5084-8697","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1682465,"name":"Luoyi Xu","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":969399,"name":"Chuan Shi","orcid":"0000-0002-2627-1189","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1642791,"name":"Daxing Wu","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1682463,"name":"Lichen Jiang","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Reliability and validity of the electronic version of the Hopkins verbal learning test-revised in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>The aging population is increasing, making it essential to have a standardized, convenient, and valid electronic memory test that can be accessed online for older people and caregivers. The electronic version of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) as a test with these advantages and its reliability and validity has not yet been tested. Thus, this study examined the reliability and validity of the electronic version of the HVLT-R in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people to provide a scientific basis for its future dissemination and use.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We included 1,925 healthy participants aged over 40, among whom 38 were retested after 3–6 months. In addition, 65 participants completed both the pad and paper-and-pencil versions of the HVLT-R (PAP-HVLT-R). We also recruited 42 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and 45 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. All participants completed the Pad-HVLT-R, the Hong Kong Brief Cognitive Test (HKBC), the Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and the Logical Memory Test (LM).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>(1) Reliability: the Cronbach’s α value was 0.94, the split-half reliability was 0.96. The test–retest correlation coefficients were moderate, ranging from 0.38 to 0.65 for direct variables and 0.16 to 0.52 for derived variables; (2) Concurrent validity: the Pad-HVLT-R showed a moderate correlation with the HKBC and BVMT-R, with correlation coefficients between total recall of 0.41 and 0.54, and between long-delayed recall of 0.42 and 0.59, respectively. It also showed a high correlation with the LM, with correlation coefficients of 0.72 for total recall and 0.62 for long-delayed recall; (3) Convergent validity: the Pad-HVLT-R was moderately correlated with the PAP version, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.29 to 0.53 for direct variables and 0.15 to 0.43 for derived variables; (4) Discriminant capacity: the Pad-HVLT-R was effective in differentiating AD patients, as demonstrated by the ROC analysis with AUC values of 0.834 and 0.934 for total recall and long-delayed recall, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>(1) The electronic version of HVLT-R has good reliability and validity in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people; (2) The electronic version of HVLT-R can be used as an effective tool to distinguish AD patients from healthy people.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.3978952727983707,"endowment":2.3978952727983707,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37377673","pmcid":"PMC10292015","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4380264641","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.8115,"citation_percentile":0.84730134,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":4},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124731/pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124731/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124731/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124731","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37377673","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10292015","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9ee177c49994159b549b2c1d4ba60e2","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10292015/pdf/fnagi-15-1124731.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10292015","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10292015?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","Cognitive Functions and Memory","Technology Use by Older Adults"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Psychology","Cronbach's alpha","Verbal learning","Test (biology)","Population","Audiology","Episodic memory","Recall","Reliability (semiconductor)","Verbal memory","Cognition","Clinical psychology","Gerontology","Medicine","Psychometrics","Psychiatry","Cognitive psychology","Alzheimer’s disease","Validity","reliability","Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (Amci)","Computerized Applications"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Quality Education"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.26733358.v1","title":"Additional file 1 of Process approach as a cognitive biomarker related to gray matter volume in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.26733358","title":"Additional file 1 of Process approach as a cognitive biomarker related to gray matter volume in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-09T11:17:29.167404Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}