{"doi":"10.3389/fmolb.2022.1048932","title":"Microfluidic liquid sheets as large-area targets for high repetition XFELs","abstract":"The high intensity of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) can damage solution-phase samples on every scale, ranging from the molecular or electronic structure of a sample to the macroscopic structure of a liquid microjet. By using a large surface area liquid sheet microjet as a sample target instead of a standard cylindrical microjet, the incident X-ray spot size can be increased such that the incident intensity falls below the damage threshold. This capability is becoming particularly important for high repetition rate XFELs, where destroying a target with each pulse would require prohibitively large volumes of sample. We present here a study of microfluidic liquid sheet dimensions as a function of liquid flow rate. Sheet lengths, widths and thickness gradients are shown for three styles of nozzles fabricated from isotropically etched glass. In-vacuum operation and sample recirculation using these nozzles is demonstrated. The effects of intense XFEL pulses on the structure of a liquid sheet are also briefly examined.","journal":"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences","year":2022,"id":251513,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":25,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9608,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":699364,"name":"Tim B. van Driel","orcid":"0000-0003-4070-3168","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414297,"name":"Thomas Kröll","orcid":"0000-0003-2176-6905","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":894865,"name":"Christopher J. Crissman","orcid":"0000-0001-8748-4359","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":894866,"name":"Elizabeth S. Ryland","orcid":"0000-0002-9200-1769","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":895476,"name":"Kacie J. Nelson","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":894867,"name":"Amy A. Cordones","orcid":"0000-0001-9897-5380","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":352893,"name":"J. D. Koralek","orcid":"0000-0001-8289-0497","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453144,"name":"Daniel P. DePonte","orcid":"0000-0003-0404-7511","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":894864,"name":"David J. Hoffman","orcid":"0000-0001-8518-7676","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":47,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:24:41.993282Z","pmid":"36567947","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}