{"doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1338191","title":"High prevalence of pre-treatment and acquired HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among non-citizens living with HIV in Botswana","abstract":"Background: Approximately 30,000 non-citizens are living with HIV in Botswana, all of whom as of 2020 are eligible to receive free antiretroviral treatment (ART) within the country. We assessed the prevalence of HIV-1 mutational profiles [pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) and acquired drug resistance (ADR)] among treatment-experienced (TE) and treatment-naïve (TN) non-citizens living with HIV in Botswana. Methods: region were determined using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. The proportions of HIV DRMs amongst TE and TN non-citizens were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 60/152 (39.5%) participants had a detectable viral load (VL) >40 copies/mL and these were included in the subsequent analyses. The median age at enrollment was 43 years (Q1, Q3: 38-48). Among individuals with VL > 40 copies/mL, 60% (36/60) were treatment-experienced with 53% (19/36) of them on Atripla. Genotyping had a 62% (37/60) success rate - 24 were TE, and 13 were TN. A total of 29 participants (78.4, 95% CI: 0.12-0.35) had major HIV DRMs, including at least one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) associated DRM. In TE individuals, ADR to any antiretroviral drug was 83.3% (20/24), while for PDR was 69.2% (9/13). The most frequent DRMs were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) M184V (62.1%, 18/29), NNRTIs V106M (41.4%, 12/29), and K103N (34.4%, 10/29). No integrase strand transfer inhibitor-associated DRMs were reported. Conclusion: We report high rates of PDR and ADR in ART-experienced and ART-naïve non-citizens, respectively, in Botswana. Given the uncertainty of time of HIV acquisition and treatment adherence levels in this population, routine HIV-1C VL monitoring coupled with HIVDR genotyping is crucial for long-term ART success.","journal":"Frontiers in Microbiology","year":2024,"id":463111,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.951,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":425978,"name":"Wonderful T. Choga","orcid":"0000-0001-7606-0569","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":438190,"name":"Dorcas Maruapula","orcid":"0000-0003-2587-8904","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":514549,"name":"Natasha O. Moraka","orcid":"0000-0001-5333-4010","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":514550,"name":"Kaelo K. Seatla","orcid":"0000-0002-2190-2842","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":940996,"name":"Ontlametse T. Bareng","orcid":"0009-0005-8147-2193","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":941552,"name":"Doreen Ditshwanelo","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1137583,"name":"Graceful Mulenga","orcid":"0009-0004-8242-9296","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":494572,"name":"Terence Mohammed","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293677,"name":"Pearl M. Kaumba","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293678,"name":"Moses Chihungwa","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":389848,"name":"Tafireyi Marukutira","orcid":"0000-0003-1142-6114","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":425983,"name":"Sikhulile Moyo","orcid":"0000-0003-3821-4592","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":943284,"name":"Catherine K. Koofhethile","orcid":"0000-0001-5475-413X","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293358,"name":"Diana Dickinson","orcid":"0009-0007-5981-9562","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231148,"name":"Sununguko Wata Mpoloka","orcid":"0000-0003-0147-1819","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":425985,"name":"Simani Gaseitsiwe","orcid":"0000-0002-7089-3735","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":941551,"name":"Patrick Mokgethi","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":47,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:28.838123Z","pmid":"38476948","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}