{"doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2021.633047","title":"Role for IL-1 Family Cytokines in Fungal Infections","abstract":"Fungal pathogens kill approximately 1.5 million individuals per year and represent a severe disease burden worldwide. It is estimated over 150 million people have serious fungal disease such as recurrent mucosal infections or life-threatening systemic infections. Disease can ensue from commensal fungi or new infection and involves different fungal morphologies and the expression of virulence factors. Therefore, anti-fungal immunity is complex and requires coordination between multiple facets of the immune system. IL-1 family cytokines are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and are essential for the innate response to infection. Recent research indicates IL-1 cytokines play a key role mediating immunity against different fungal infections. During mucosal disease, IL-1R and IL-36R are required for neutrophil recruitment and protective Th17 responses, but function through different mechanisms. During systemic disease, IL-18 drives protective Th1 responses, while IL-33 promotes Th2 and suppresses Th1 immunity. The IL-1 family represents an attractive anti-fungal immunotherapy target. There is a need for novel anti-fungal therapeutics, as current therapies are ineffective, toxic and encounter resistance, and no anti-fungal vaccine exists. Furthering our understanding of the IL-1 family cytokines and their complex role during fungal infection may aid the development of novel therapies. As such, this review will discuss the role for IL-1 family cytokines in fungal infections.","journal":"Frontiers in Microbiology","year":2021,"id":156653,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":53,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9538,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":302226,"name":"Giorgio Camilli","orcid":"0000-0002-6662-0072","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":661834,"name":"Natalia K. Kotowicz","orcid":"0000-0001-9637-4119","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305661,"name":"Jemima Ho","orcid":"0000-0002-2356-9190","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305663,"name":"Jonathan P. Richardson","orcid":"0000-0001-9638-2725","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272367,"name":"Julian R. Naglik","orcid":"0000-0002-8072-7917","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305662,"name":"James S. Griffiths","orcid":"0000-0002-7147-2465","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":213,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:13.017332Z","pmid":"33643264","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}