{"doi":"10.3389/fmed.2022.768138","title":"A Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Among People With HIV","abstract":"Background The concentration and duration of antibodies (Ab) to SARS-CoV-2 infection predicts the severity of the disease and the clinical outcomes. Older people and those with HIV have impaired immune responses, worse outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and lower antibody responses after viral infection and vaccination. This study evaluated an Ab response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (HIV-) and its association with age. Methods A total of 23 COVID+PWH and 21 COVID+HIV- participants were followed longitudinally for 6 months post-mild COVID-19. Immunoglobin G (IgG) and immunoglobin M (IgM) Ab responses were measured by an in-house developed ELISA. Time points and HIV status interaction were analyzed using Poisson generalized estimating equations, and correlations were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Results Median age in PWH was 55 years with 28.6% women, while in the HIV- group was 36 years with 60.9% women. The mean time from COVID-19 diagnosis to study enrollment was 16 days for PWH and 11 days for HIV-. The mean CD4+ T-cell count/μl for PWH was 772.10 (±365.21). SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG were detected at all time points and Ab response levels did not differ by HIV status ( p > 0.05). At entry, age showed a weak direct association with IgG responses (ρ = 0.44, p < 0.05) in HIV- but did not show any association in PWH. Similar associations between age, IgG, and HIV status emerged at day 14 (T1; ρ = 0.50, p < 0.05), 3 months (T3; ρ = 0.50, p < 0.05), and 6 months visit (T4; ρ = 0.78, p < 0.05) in the HIV- group. Conclusion The Ab responses in the 6-month post-SARS-CoV-2 infection did not differ by HIV status, though a positive association was found between age and Ab response in older PWH. Results suggest that immune protection and vaccine responses are similar for PWH than for those without HIV infection.","journal":"Frontiers in Medicine","year":2022,"id":264959,"datarank":0.37273599746820013,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"self_citation_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9669,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":890956,"name":"Nicholas Fonseca Nogueira","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":489801,"name":"Ana S. Salazar","orcid":"0000-0001-5617-5609","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":687667,"name":"Emily Montgomerie","orcid":"0000-0001-8816-2300","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":535112,"name":"Violeta J. Rodriguez","orcid":"0000-0001-8543-2061","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":737178,"name":"Patricia Raccamarich","orcid":"0000-0003-1347-5083","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":924123,"name":"Irma T. Barreto","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":735622,"name":"Angela McGaugh","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":303594,"name":"Mark Sharkey","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":408637,"name":"Alejandro Mantero","orcid":"0000-0001-8462-9487","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":426539,"name":"Allan Rodríguez","orcid":"0000-0001-9477-3327","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":229490,"name":"Laura Beauchamps","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":391094,"name":"Deborah L. Jones","orcid":"0000-0002-4106-8891","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409544,"name":"María L. Alcaide","orcid":"0000-0003-4648-0145","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:26:45.905331Z","pmid":"35330585","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}