{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1529014","title":"Editorial: How RSV outsmarts the host","abstract":"RSV generally causes mild disease, but in some individuals, particularly infants under one year old, it can lead to severe symptomsSince the immune system matures over the first year of life, understanding the complex interplay between maternal immune factors, viral exposure, and the maturing immune system requires robust assays to track RSV-specific immunity in infants. Anderson et al. describe seven such assays: four enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) measuring IgG titers to specific antigens (lysates of A and B subgroup-infected Hep-2 cells, recombinant F protein, and subgroup-specific G proteins), two assays for neutralizing activity against A and B subgroups, and an EliSpot assay for T cell activation in response to subgroup lysates. All assays were reliable and resistant to common blood sample interfering substances. The EIAs against lysates and F protein were highly sensitive, detecting RSV exposure in all 44 sera collected from children six months post-RSV infection, while G protein assays were less sensitive, consistent with the F protein's immunodominance. Neutralizing and EliSpot assays were positive in about half the sera. Surprisingly, the EliSpot assay was positive in 60% of the PBMC samples from RSVnaïve infants, likely reflecting maternal immune carryover.Immune responses to RSV and rhinovirus (RV) differ between individuals; and to date, personal determinants of RSV-and RV-specific antibody responses remain unknown. Guillien et al. examined factors influencing RSV-and RV-specific IgG responses in 530 children and 1241 adults from the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA) cohort. Older age was associated with higher RSV-specific IgG levels in both groups, with additional associations in adults for active, and to a lesser extent former, smoking, and seasons other than summer. In contrast, RV-specific IgG levels increased with age during childhood but declined in adulthood. Female sex and lower body mass index (BMI) were associated with higher RV-specific IgG levels in both children and adults, with females consistently showing higher levels than males particularly for RV-B. Active/former smoking and non-summer seasons were also linked to higher RV-specific IgG levels in adults. In children, RSV-specific and RV-specific IgG was not associated with season; furthermore, RSV-specific IgG was not associated with sex or BMI. These findings underscore how age, sex, BMI, smoking and seasonal factors shape IgG responses to respiratory viruses, with distinct patterns in children versus adults.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the respiratory mucosa of human infants and mice play a key role in early RSV responses and subsequent adaptive Type 2 immunity, with elevated ILC2 levels linked to disease severity. Recent mouse studies showed that pups born to RSVvaccinated dams, while protected from disease, possessed hyperresponsive ILC2s (hILC2). Kosanovich et al. investigated how hILC2 cells were activated during neonatal RSV infection in the presence of RSV-neutralizing maternal antibodies (matAb). They observed a non-statistical increase in ILC2 numbers and a significant rise in IL5+ILC2s frequency in the right lungs in the right lungs of RSV-infected pups from vaccinated despite the absence of replicating virus. ILC2 activation was driven by RSV-specific matAb:RSV immune complexes functioning through Fcγ receptors, which were differentially expressed on mouse and human respiratory ILC2sfrom immunized versus unimmunized dams. This study suggests maternal antibodies may not fully modulate all aspects of a protective immune responses and highlights the need for further research on how maternal RSV vaccination influences infant immunity.RSV employs multiple proteins to suppress the host's innate immune response, with nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, being particularly effective in inhibiting type I interferon (IFN) production and signaling, reducing immune cell recruitment and cytokine product","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2024,"id":507856,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9576,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":535524,"name":"Lawrence M. Kauvar","orcid":"0000-0002-7742-267X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551887,"name":"Ralph A. Tripp","orcid":"0000-0002-2924-9956","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242113,"name":"Stephania A. Cormier","orcid":"0000-0002-6050-6172","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:11:06.395600Z","pmid":"39759514","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}