{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1444020","title":"E-cigarette exposure disrupts antitumor immunity and promotes metastasis","abstract":"Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are thought to pose low risk of cancer because the components of e-cigarette liquid are not carcinogens. We analyzed the effects of the two major components, PG/VG and nicotine, on tumor development in preclinical models. We found that PG/VG promoted tumor cell migration in migration assays and contributed to more aggressive, metastatic, and immunosuppressive tumors in vivo , aggravated by the presence of nicotine. Whole body exposure of mice to PG/VG and nicotine rendered animals more susceptible to developing tumors with high frequencies of infiltrating proinflammatory macrophages expressing IL-6 and TNFα. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating and circulating T cells in e-cigarette exposed mice showed increased levels of immune checkpoints including CTLA4 and PD-1. Treatment with anti-CTLA4 antibody was able to abrogate metastasis with no detrimental effects on its ability to induce tumor regression in exposed mice. These findings suggest that the major components used in e-cigarette fluid can impact tumor development through induced immunosuppression.","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2024,"id":443056,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9559,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":108695,"name":"Chien-Chun Steven Pai","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":964375,"name":"Peixi Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-7584-4609","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":830919,"name":"Anthony Chang","orcid":"0000-0002-6901-3278","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1047911,"name":"Yee May Lwin","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1047912,"name":"Aahir Srinath","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231445,"name":"Jeffrey E. Gotts","orcid":"0000-0002-6269-8753","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":108928,"name":"Stanton A. Glantz","orcid":"0000-0003-4620-6672","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24099,"name":"Lawrence Fong","orcid":"0000-0002-6428-428X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1022508,"name":"Marcel Arias-Badia","orcid":"0000-0003-2270-0676","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:01:24.471942Z","pmid":"39221247","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}