{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241038","title":"Cross-reactive humoral and CD4+ T cell responses to Mu and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variants in a Colombian population","abstract":"The SARS CoV-2 antibody and CD4 + T cell responses induced by natural infection and/or vaccination decline over time and cross-recognize other viral variants at different levels. However, there are few studies evaluating the levels and durability of the SARS CoV-2-specific antibody and CD4 + T cell response against the Mu, Gamma, and Delta variants. Here, we examined, in two ambispective cohorts of naturally-infected and/or vaccinated individuals, the titers of anti-RBD antibodies and the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cells up to 6 months after the last antigen exposure. In naturally-infected individuals, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response declined 6 months post-symptoms onset. However, the kinetic observed depended on the severity of the disease, since individuals who developed severe COVID-19 maintained the binding antibody titers. Also, there was detectable binding antibody cross-recognition for the Gamma, Mu, and Delta variants, but antibodies poorly neutralized Mu. COVID-19 vaccines induced an increase in antibody titers 15-30 days after receiving the second dose, but these levels decreased at 6 months. However, as expected, a third dose of the vaccine caused a rise in antibody titers. The dynamics of the antibody response upon vaccination depended on the previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Lower levels of vaccine-induced antibodies were associated with the development of breakthrough infections. Vaccination resulted in central memory spike-specific CD4 + T cell responses that cross-recognized peptides from the Gamma and Mu variants, and their duration also depended on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In addition, we found cross-reactive CD4 + T cell responses in unexposed and unvaccinated individuals. These results have important implications for vaccine design for new SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2023,"id":351471,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9531,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1096154,"name":"Juliana Cuervo-Rojas","orcid":"0000-0001-8888-9411","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096155,"name":"Juana Ángel","orcid":"0000-0001-6623-5337","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096156,"name":"Beatríz Ariza","orcid":"0000-0001-8650-5285","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096157,"name":"John Mario González","orcid":"0000-0001-6925-0620","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":615401,"name":"Carolina Ramı́rez-Santana","orcid":"0000-0003-2137-4899","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096158,"name":"Yeny Acosta‐Ampudia","orcid":"0000-0001-8491-9134","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096502,"name":"Luisa Fernanda Murcia-Soriano","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096503,"name":"Norma Montoya","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096159,"name":"Claudia Cecilia Cardozo-Romero","orcid":"0000-0002-2739-9619","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618254,"name":"Sandra Valderrama","orcid":"0000-0003-1833-1599","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347060,"name":"Magda Cepeda","orcid":"0000-0003-4579-6033","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096504,"name":"Julio César Castellanos","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347061,"name":"Carlos Gómez–Restrepo","orcid":"0000-0002-9013-5384","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":871227,"name":"Federico Perdomo-Celis","orcid":"0000-0003-0119-8306","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096505,"name":"Andreu Gazquez","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":439338,"name":"Alexandria Dickson","orcid":"0000-0002-2282-9069","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282037,"name":"James D. Brien","orcid":"0000-0002-1670-8041","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103768,"name":"José Mateus","orcid":"0000-0002-1402-3452","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292649,"name":"Alba Grifoni","orcid":"0000-0002-2209-5966","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55670,"name":"Alessandro Sette","orcid":"0000-0001-7013-2250","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103766,"name":"Daniela Weiskopf","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-7371","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096160,"name":"M. Franco","orcid":"0000-0002-0265-0563","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1096153,"name":"Fabiola Martel","orcid":"0000-0002-5110-3232","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":58,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:41.740237Z","pmid":"37575243","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}