{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2022.870768","title":"Tuberculosis Phenotypic and Genotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing and Immunodiagnostics: A Review","abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB), considered an ancient disease, is still killing one person every 21 seconds. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) still has many challenges, especially in low and middle-income countries with high burden disease rates. Over the last two decades, the amount of drug-resistant (DR)-TB cases has been increasing, from mono-resistant (mainly for isoniazid or rifampicin resistance) to extremely drug resistant TB. DR-TB is problematic to diagnose and treat, and thus, needs more resources to manage it. Together with+ TB clinical symptoms, phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of TB includes a series of tests that can be used on different specimens to determine if a person has TB, as well as if the M.tb strain+ causing the disease is drug susceptible or resistant. Here, we review and discuss advantages and disadvantages of phenotypic vs . genotypic drug susceptibility testing for DR-TB, advances in TB immunodiagnostics, and propose a call to improve deployable and low-cost TB diagnostic tests to control the DR-TB burden, especially in light of the increase of the global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and the potentially long term impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disruption on TB programs.","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2022,"id":239305,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":50,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9579,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":621909,"name":"Juan Ignacio García","orcid":"0000-0001-8263-3140","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245275,"name":"Alyssa Schami","orcid":"0000-0002-5311-7216","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245273,"name":"Andreu Garcia‐Vilanova","orcid":"0000-0002-2385-8718","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":403512,"name":"Holden V. Kelley","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":335300,"name":"Shuhua Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-8825-8027","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":769300,"name":"Adrián Rendón","orcid":"0000-0001-8973-4024","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297929,"name":"Blanca I. Restrepo","orcid":"0000-0002-3743-9098","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":61432,"name":"Marcel Yotebieng","orcid":"0000-0003-2110-2631","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245288,"name":"Jordi B. Torrelles","orcid":"0000-0001-7702-5941","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":673833,"name":"Kizil A. Yusoof","orcid":"0000-0002-0726-0599","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":107,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:22:36.865157Z","pmid":"35874762","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}