{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038712","title":"Comprehensive assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against various antigenic epitopes after naive COVID-19 infection and vaccination (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19)","abstract":"Comprehensive assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against antigenic epitopes and cross-neutralization on variants is essential to monitor after infection or vaccination. From 32 COVID-19 patients and 40 vaccinated individuals [20 Oxford–AstraZeneca (AZ) and 20 Pfizer–BioNTech (BNT)], 348 serial sera are collected until 40 days after infection and 3 months after homologous booster vaccination. Antibody levels were monitored using a multiplex-bead assay including variant spike antigens, Roche (S1/RBD total) and a surrogate virus neutralization test (GenScript). Anti-S/S1/RBD levels were higher than anti-S2/N levels from 2 weeks after infection and were higher in severe infection (P < 0.05). Vaccination showed highest antibody levels after 1-month booster and had consistently high levels in the order of anti-full S, anti-RBD, anti-S1 and anti-S2. Infection induced higher anti-S2/N levels than prime vaccination (P < 0.05). Three months after BNT/BNT vaccination, antibody levels against S1/RBD and 23 variant antigens were higher than post-infection or AZ groups (P < 0.05). Regarding intraindividual changes from post-prime to post-boost vaccination, boost induced a 1.1- to 3.9-fold increase on multiplex-bead assay, 22.8- to 24.2-fold on Roche assay and 22.8- to 24.2-fold on GenScript assay. Post-prime levels by multiplex-bead assay predicted post-boost levels, but Roche and GenScript results were not predictive in the AZ group. The kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels vary depending on the antigenic epitopes, assay kit, disease severity or vaccine type. Assessing seroconversion using multiplex-bead assays may contribute to monitoring the disease course, adjusting vaccination strategies, and accelerating vaccination efficacy.","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2022,"id":648835,"datarank":0.5365898520065434,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.1912020880574365,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.1912020880574365,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":6,"citers_with_citation_signal":6,"citers_with_endowment":6,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1691167,"name":"Dong-Gun Lee","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1691168,"name":"Jin Jung","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1691169,"name":"Ji Hyeong Ryu","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1013868,"name":"Soyoung Shin","orcid":"0000-0001-8328-1087","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1691170,"name":"Sung-Yeon Cho","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1691171,"name":"Raeseok Lee","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1691172,"name":"Eun-Jee Oh","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":349803,"name":"Jihyun Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-8530-9418","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Comprehensive assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against various antigenic epitopes after naive COVID-19 infection and vaccination (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19)","abstract":"Comprehensive assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against antigenic epitopes and cross-neutralization on variants is essential to monitor after infection or vaccination. From 32 COVID-19 patients and 40 vaccinated individuals [20 Oxford–AstraZeneca (AZ) and 20 Pfizer–BioNTech (BNT)], 348 serial sera are collected until 40 days after infection and 3 months after homologous booster vaccination. Antibody levels were monitored using a multiplex-bead assay including variant spike antigens, Roche (S1/RBD total) and a surrogate virus neutralization test (GenScript). Anti-S/S1/RBD levels were higher than anti-S2/N levels from 2 weeks after infection and were higher in severe infection (P < 0.05). Vaccination showed highest antibody levels after 1-month booster and had consistently high levels in the order of anti-full S, anti-RBD, anti-S1 and anti-S2. Infection induced higher anti-S2/N levels than prime vaccination (P < 0.05). Three months after BNT/BNT vaccination, antibody levels against S1/RBD and 23 variant antigens were higher than post-infection or AZ groups (P < 0.05). Regarding intraindividual changes from post-prime to post-boost vaccination, boost induced a 1.1- to 3.9-fold increase on multiplex-bead assay, 22.8- to 24.2-fold on Roche assay and 22.8- to 24.2-fold on GenScript assay. Post-prime levels by multiplex-bead assay predicted post-boost levels, but Roche and GenScript results were not predictive in the AZ group. The kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels vary depending on the antigenic epitopes, assay kit, disease severity or vaccine type. Assessing seroconversion using multiplex-bead assays may contribute to monitoring the disease course, adjusting vaccination strategies, and accelerating vaccination efficacy.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"36578491","pmcid":"PMC9791030","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4312122365","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":0.7737,"citation_percentile":0.72366206,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":6},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038712","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038712","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038712/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36578491","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9e8aa100cb94ad39c3ea2a689eb26f5","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9791030","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9791030","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9791030?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing"],"mesh_terms":["COVID-19","SARS-CoV-2","BNT162 Vaccine","ChAdOx1 nCoV-19","Antibodies, Viral","Epitopes","Humans","Vaccination"],"keywords":["Vaccination","Antibody","Antigen","Multiplex","Virology","Medicine","Neutralization","Serology","Immunology","Booster dose","Biology","Immunization","Covid-19","Sars-cov-2","New Variants","Multiplex-bead Assay"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-10T03:01:54.193752Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}