{"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032411","title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination","abstract":"Coronavac is a widely used SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, but its long-term immune response assessment is still lacking. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, including T cell activation markers, antigen-specific cytokine production and antibody response following vaccination in 53 adult and elderly individuals participating in a phase 3 clinical trial. Activated follicular helper T (Tfh), non-Tfh and memory CD4 + T cells were detected in almost all subjects early after the first vaccine dose. Activated memory CD4 + T cells were predominantly of central and effector memory T cell phenotypes and were sustained for at least 6 months. We also detected a balanced Th1-, Th2- and Th17/Th22-type cytokine production that was associated with response over time, together with particular cytokine profile linked to poor responses in older vaccinees. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels peaked 14 days after the second dose and were mostly stable over one year. CoronaVac was able to induce a potent and durable antiviral antigen-specific cellular response and the cytokine profiles related to the response over time and impacted by the senescence were defined.","journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","year":2022,"id":250179,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":27,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9654,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":817783,"name":"Carolina Argondizo Correia","orcid":"0000-0003-4526-0896","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891736,"name":"Mariana Prado Marmorato","orcid":"0000-0002-0644-0862","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891737,"name":"Juliana Zanatta de Carvalho Dias","orcid":"0000-0001-7894-5803","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891738,"name":"Mateus Vailant Thomazella","orcid":"0000-0002-1527-6910","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891739,"name":"Amanda Cabral da Silva","orcid":"0000-0003-1868-7579","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891740,"name":"Ana Carolina Soares de Oliveira","orcid":"0000-0002-7406-6868","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891741,"name":"Arianne Fagotti Gusmão","orcid":"0000-0002-5709-6977","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891742,"name":"Lílian Pereira Ferrari","orcid":"0000-0001-8680-8200","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891743,"name":"Ângela Carvalho Freitas","orcid":"0000-0002-9198-2649","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891744,"name":"Elizabeth González Patiño","orcid":"0000-0001-7097-9793","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292649,"name":"Alba Grifoni","orcid":"0000-0002-2209-5966","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103766,"name":"Daniela Weiskopf","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-7371","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55670,"name":"Alessandro Sette","orcid":"0000-0001-7013-2250","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":809621,"name":"Rami Scharf","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285114,"name":"Esper G. Kallás","orcid":"0000-0003-2026-6925","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333939,"name":"Cássia Gisele Terrassani Silveira","orcid":"0000-0002-0932-7769","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891735,"name":"Priscilla R. Costa","orcid":"0000-0001-6812-4999","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":42,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:24:28.242323Z","pmid":"36341425","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}