{"doi":"10.3389/fepid.2023.1243691","title":"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in rural communities using blood-fed mosquitoes: a proof-of-concept study","abstract":"Background: The spread of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be well monitored and understood in areas without capacity for effective disease surveillance. Countries with a young population will have disproportionately large numbers of asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic infections, further hindering detection of infection. Sero-surveillance on a country-wide scale by trained medical professionals may be limited in a resource-limited setting such as Mali. Novel ways of broadly sampling the human population in a non-invasive method would allow for large-scale surveillance at a reduced cost. Approach: Here we evaluate the collection of naturally blood-fed mosquitoes to test for human anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the laboratory and at five field locations in Mali. Results: Immunoglobulin-G antibodies to multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens were readily detected in mosquito bloodmeals by bead-based immunoassay through at least 10 h after feeding [mean sensitivity of 0.92 (95% CI 0.78-1) and mean specificity of 0.98 (95% CI 0.88-1)], indicating that most blood-fed mosquitoes collected indoors during early morning hours (and likely to have fed the previous night) are viable samples for analysis. We found that reactivity to four SARS-CoV-2 antigens rose during the pandemic from pre-pandemic levels. The crude seropositivity of blood sampled via mosquitoes was 6.3% in October and November 2020 across all sites, and increased to 25.1% overall by February 2021, with the most urban site reaching 46.7%, consistent with independent venous blood-based sero-surveillance estimates. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that using mosquito bloodmeals, country-wide sero-surveillance of human diseases (both vector-borne and non-vector-borne) is possible in areas where human-biting mosquitoes are common, offering an informative, cost-effective, and non-invasive sampling option.","journal":"Frontiers in Epidemiology","year":2023,"id":369172,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9563,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":264411,"name":"Djibril Samaké","orcid":"0000-0002-6053-1028","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":265566,"name":"Adama Dao","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264410,"name":"Moussa Diallo","orcid":"0000-0003-1632-7027","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":265567,"name":"Zana L. Sanogo","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264409,"name":"Alpha Seydou Yaro","orcid":"0009-0006-4577-6752","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":645894,"name":"Amatigué Zéguimé","orcid":"0000-0002-3158-1907","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1128234,"name":"Josué Poudiougo","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1128235,"name":"Kadiatou Cissé","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1127897,"name":"Mamadou Traoré","orcid":"0000-0003-0558-1724","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1128236,"name":"Alassane Dit Assitoun","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264422,"name":"Roy Faiman","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-7801","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":395417,"name":"Irfan Zaidi","orcid":"0000-0001-9161-2050","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":339093,"name":"John Woodford","orcid":"0000-0002-8363-5495","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236042,"name":"Patrick E. Duffy","orcid":"0000-0002-4483-5005","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264425,"name":"Tovi Lehmann","orcid":"0000-0002-8142-3915","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264423,"name":"Benjamin J. Krajacich","orcid":"0000-0001-5769-8946","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:15:28.704894Z","pmid":"38455906","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}