{"doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2023.1270935","title":"Co-infection and co-localization of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: a case report","abstract":"Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a multifocal vascular neoplasm frequently observed in HIV-positive individuals, primarily affects the skin, mucous membranes, visceral organs, and lymph nodes. KS is associated primarily with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. In this case report, we present a rare occurrence of co-infection and co-localization of KSHV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in KS arising from the conjunctiva, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) were utilized to demonstrate the presence of KSHV and EBV infection in the ocular KS lesion. Nearly all KSHV-positive cells displayed co-infection with EBV. In addition, the KS lesion revealed co-localization of KSHV Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) and EBV Epstein Barr virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA1) by multi-colored immunofluorescence staining with different anti-EBNA1 antibodies, indicating the possibility of interactions between these two gamma herpesviruses within the same lesion. Additional study is needed to determine whether EBV co-infection in KS is a common or an opportunistic event that might contribute to KS development and progression.","journal":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","year":2023,"id":377828,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9626,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":751050,"name":"Guobin Kang","orcid":"0000-0002-5421-2047","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":929722,"name":"Stepfanie N. Siyumbwa","orcid":"0000-0003-2726-1748","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":930280,"name":"Jane Musumali","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239197,"name":"For Yue Tso","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239199,"name":"Owen Ngalamika","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":930657,"name":"Trevor Kaile","orcid":"0000-0002-6719-0094","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":716640,"name":"Fred Maate","orcid":"0000-0001-6790-3683","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":935552,"name":"Phyllis Moonga","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237655,"name":"John T. West","orcid":"0000-0003-4594-6855","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":935558,"name":"Peter C. Angeletti","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237656,"name":"Charles Wood","orcid":"0000-0002-4256-1530","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237654,"name":"Peter Julius","orcid":"0000-0002-7187-6101","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":18,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:40.346877Z","pmid":"37928187","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}