{"doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2021.698146","title":"L-Arabinose Transport and Metabolism in Salmonella Influences Biofilm Formation","abstract":"L-arabinose inducible promoters are commonly used in gene expression analysis. However, nutrient source and availability also play a role in biofilm formation; therefore, L-arabinose metabolism could impact biofilm development. In this study we examined the impact of L-arabinose on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) biofilm formation. Using mutants impaired for the transport and metabolism of L-arabinose, we showed that L-arabinose metabolism negatively impacts S. Typhimurium biofilm formation in vitro . When L-arabinose metabolism is abrogated, biofilm formation returned to baseline levels. However, without the ability to import extracellular L-arabinose, biofilm formation significantly increased. Using RNA-Seq we identified several gene families involved in these different phenotypes including curli expression, amino acid synthesis, and L-arabinose metabolism. Several individual candidate genes were tested for their involvement in the L-arabinose-mediated biofilm phenotypes, but most played no significant role. Interestingly, in the presence of L-arabinose the diguanylate cyclase gene adr A was downregulated in wild type S . Typhimurium. Meanwhile cyaA , encoding an adenylate cyclase, was downregulated in an L-arabinose transport mutant. Using an IPTG-inducible plasmid to deplete c-di-GMP via vieA expression, we were able to abolish the increased biofilm phenotype seen in the transport mutant. However, the mechanism by which the L-arabinose import mutant forms significantly larger biofilms remains to be determined. Regardless, these data suggest that L-arabinose metabolism influences intracellular c-di-GMP levels and therefore biofilm formation. These findings are important when considering the use of an L-arabinose inducible promoter in biofilm conditions.","journal":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","year":2021,"id":174619,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":23,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9534,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":714184,"name":"Lindsey O’Neal","orcid":"0000-0003-1942-6135","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288483,"name":"Matthew R. Parsek","orcid":"0000-0003-2932-7966","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":692500,"name":"James Fitch","orcid":"0000-0001-8009-899X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":419524,"name":"Peter White","orcid":"0000-0002-5218-5903","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340248,"name":"John S. Gunn","orcid":"0000-0003-2848-8346","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":629033,"name":"Erin M. Vasicek","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":85,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:47:06.584146Z","pmid":"34368016","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}