{"doi":"10.3389/fchem.2021.689017","title":"Real-Time In Vivo Detection and Monitoring of Bacterial Infection Based on NIR-II Imaging","abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment according to the dynamic changes of bacterial load <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> is critical for preventing progression of bacterial infections. Here, we present a lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) based second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging strategy for bacteria detection and real-time <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> monitoring. Four strains of bacteria were labeled with synthesized PbS QDs which showed high bacteria labeling efficiency <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. Then bacteria at different concentrations were injected subcutaneously on the back of male nude mice for <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> imaging. A series of NIR-II images taken at a predetermined time manner demonstrated changing patterns of photoluminescence (PL) intensity of infected sites, dynamically imaging a changing bacterial load in real-time. A detection limit around 10<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>–10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup> CFU/ml was also achieved <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>. Furthermore, analysis of pathology of infected sites were performed, which showed high biocompatibility of PbS QDs. Therefore, under the guidance of our developed NIR-II imaging system, real-time detection and spatiotemporal monitoring of bacterial infection <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> can be achieved, thus facilitating anti-infection treatment under the guidance of the dynamic imaging of bacterial load in future.</jats:p>","journal":"Frontiers in Chemistry","year":2021,"id":619524,"datarank":0.4636563680037475,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"self_citation_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1598814,"name":"Huizhu Li","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":972024,"name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-7951-4546","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1052983,"name":"Mo Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-3274-5889","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1598815,"name":"Huaixuan Sheng","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1598816,"name":"Mingru Huang","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":379272,"name":"Yunxia Li","orcid":"0000-0002-2086-3415","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252214,"name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-1273-5624","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351484,"name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-3838-7389","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1598818,"name":"Yuefeng Hao","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1195561,"name":"Shiyi Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-3794-6575","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1598813,"name":"Sijia Feng","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Real-Time In Vivo Detection and Monitoring of Bacterial Infection Based on NIR-II Imaging","abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment according to the dynamic changes of bacterial load <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> is critical for preventing progression of bacterial infections. Here, we present a lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) based second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging strategy for bacteria detection and real-time <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> monitoring. Four strains of bacteria were labeled with synthesized PbS QDs which showed high bacteria labeling efficiency <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. Then bacteria at different concentrations were injected subcutaneously on the back of male nude mice for <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> imaging. A series of NIR-II images taken at a predetermined time manner demonstrated changing patterns of photoluminescence (PL) intensity of infected sites, dynamically imaging a changing bacterial load in real-time. A detection limit around 10<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>–10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup> CFU/ml was also achieved <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>. Furthermore, analysis of pathology of infected sites were performed, which showed high biocompatibility of PbS QDs. Therefore, under the guidance of our developed NIR-II imaging system, real-time detection and spatiotemporal monitoring of bacterial infection <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> can be achieved, thus facilitating anti-infection treatment under the guidance of the dynamic imaging of bacterial load in future.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"34195175","pmcid":"PMC8236861","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3195840342","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.9398,"citation_percentile":0.70729457,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":4},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":7},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2021.689017/pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2021.689017/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2021.689017/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.689017","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34195175","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/53e5470b3b284513b91d7d21180f6d02","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8236861","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8236861","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8236861?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties","Biosensors and Analytical Detection","Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["In vivo","Preclinical imaging","Bacteria","Fluorescence","Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy","Detection limit","Bacterial growth","Biocompatibility","Chemistry","Biomedical engineering","Materials science","Microbiology","Biophysics","Biology","Medicine","Chromatography","Optics","Quantum dots","In Vivo Imaging","Bacterial Infection","Bioimaging","Nir-ii"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T07:29:07.685220Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}