{"doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2024.1421592","title":"Integrating conductive electrodes into hydrogel-based microfluidic chips for real-time monitoring of cell response","abstract":"The conventional real-time screening in organs-on-chips is limited to optical tracking of pre-tagged cells and biological agents. This work introduces an efficient biofabrication protocol to integrate tunable hydrogel electrodes into 3D bioprinted-on-chips. We established our method of fabricating cell-laden hydrogel-based microfluidic chips through digital light processing-based 3D bioprinting. Our conductive ink includes poly-(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) microparticles doped in polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). We optimized the manufacturing process of PEDOT: PSS microparticles characterized our conductive ink for different 3D bioprinting parameters, geometries, and materials conditions. While the literature is limited to 0.5% w/v for PEDOT: PSS microparticle concentration, we increased their concentration to 5% w/v with superior biological responses. We measured the conductivity in the 3-15 m/m for a range of 0.5%-5% w/v microparticles, and we showed the effectiveness of 3D-printed electrodes for predicting cell responses when encapsulated in gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA). Interestingly, a higher cellular activity was observed in the case of 5% w/v microparticles compared to 0.5% w/v microparticles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicated significant differences in cell densities and spheroid sizes embedded in GelMA microtissues.","journal":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","year":2024,"id":445390,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9522,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":263796,"name":"Anant Bhusal","orcid":"0000-0002-6809-5822","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1261316,"name":"Niranjan Haridas Menon","orcid":"0000-0002-5505-0326","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1054987,"name":"Zhenglong Li","orcid":"0000-0001-9139-7004","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1054990,"name":"Sagnik Basuray","orcid":"0000-0001-9767-9096","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263797,"name":"Amir K. Miri","orcid":"0000-0003-0685-0770","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1261814,"name":"Ayda Pourmostafa","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":42,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:01:42.089235Z","pmid":"39257447","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}