{"doi":"10.3386/w28311","title":"Trauma at School: The Impacts of Shootings on Students' Human Capital and Economic Outcomes","abstract":"We examine how shootings at schools-an increasingly common form of gun violence in the United States-impact the educational and economic trajectories of students. Using linked schooling and labor market data in Texas from 1992 to 2018, we compare within-student and across-cohort changes in outcomes following a shooting to those experienced by students at matched control schools. We find that school shootings increase absenteeism and grade repetition; reduce high school graduation, college enrollment, and college completion; and reduce employment and earnings at ages 24-26. We further find school-level increases in the number of leadership staff and reductions in retention among teachers and teaching support staff in the years following a shooting. The adverse impacts of shootings span student characteristics, suggesting that the economic costs of school shootings are universal.","journal":"National Bureau of Economic Research","year":2020,"id":118922,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":35,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.96,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":552430,"name":"Bokyung Kim","orcid":"0000-0001-9699-2136","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299441,"name":"Maya Rossin‐Slater","orcid":"0000-0002-8905-2944","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299442,"name":"Molly Schnell","orcid":"0000-0002-9697-3346","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299443,"name":"Hannes Schwandt","orcid":"0000-0003-0298-5037","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":553256,"name":"Marika Cabral","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":93,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:03.409507Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}