{"doi":"10.33425/2639-9342.1174","title":"Association of ABO Blood Group, Age, Body Mass Index and Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection with Signal Levels of Antibodies to COVID-19","abstract":"Objective: To determine if ABO blood group, age, body mass index (BMI), or symptomatic COVID-19 infection are associated with COVID-19 antibody response in unvaccinated COVID-19 antibody positive pregnant women at time of delivery. Methods: At the time of delivery, 2,499 consecutive pregnant women were tested for ABO blood group and antibodies to both the spike protein and nucleocapsid protein of the COVID-19 virus. The DiaSorin assay was used for antibody to spike protein analysis and the Roche assay for antibody to nucleocapsid protein. Gamma regression models with a log link were used to compare antibody signals, with blood group, age, and BMI as the predictors. Results: 260 (10.4%) of 2,499 women who had not been vaccinated for COVID-19, were positive for both spike and nucleocapsid protein antibodies to COVID-19. The mean signal for COVID-19 nucleocapsid antibody was significantly lower for blood group AB (p=0.028) compared with blood group O. A relationship between blood group and presence of symptomatic COVID-19 was detected (p = 0.028), with asymptomatic individuals having blood group B at a higher rate than the symptomatic individuals do. No other significant pairwise differences between blood groups were detected. There was no significant difference in signal level of antibodies to COVID-19 spike protein between any of the blood groups. Mean signals for antibodies to spike and nucleocapsid proteins were significantly higher in older women (p=0.001 for spike protein antibody and p=0.002 for nucleocapsid antibody). Significantly higher signal levels of antibody to spike and nucleocapsid proteins were found in women with class 2/3 obesity (p=0.022 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusions: Pregnant women of AB blood group had lower antibody signal to nucleocapsid protein compared to the O blood group, and women of older age and greater BMI had higher antibody signal to COVID-19 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. There was a significant association between women with blood group B and asymptomatic infections.","journal":"Gynecology & Reproductive Health","year":2022,"id":314034,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9338,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":832955,"name":"Linder Wendt","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-0486","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":703598,"name":"Claire Castaneda","orcid":"0000-0001-8960-2558","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1012961,"name":"Katherine Marsden","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560229,"name":"Anna E. Merrill","orcid":"0000-0002-5945-5937","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1012962,"name":"Samantha Swartz","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1012963,"name":"Haley Alaine Steffen","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1012964,"name":"Ava Johnson","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274745,"name":"Patrick Ten Eyck","orcid":"0000-0002-5041-0708","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":703597,"name":"Kimberly A. Kenne","orcid":"0000-0002-2324-8266","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":703599,"name":"Mary B. Rysavy","orcid":"0000-0002-7657-5746","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":494071,"name":"J. Brooks Jackson","orcid":"0000-0001-9458-135X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1012650,"name":"T. Maxwell","orcid":"0000-0002-5712-9871","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":23,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:33:48.490749Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}