{"doi":"10.3233/jad-220934","title":"Population-Based Mini-Mental State Examination Norms in Adults of Mexican Heritage in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Accurately identifying cognitive changes in Mexican American (MA) adults using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) requires knowledge of population-based norms for the MMSE, a scale which has widespread use in research settings. OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of MMSE scores in a large cohort of MA adults, assess the impact of MMSE requirements on their clinical trial eligibility, and explore which factors are most strongly associated with their MMSE scores. METHODS: Visits between 2004-2021 in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort were analyzed. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old and of Mexican descent. MMSE distributions before and after stratification by age and years of education (YOE) were assessed, as was the proportion of trial-aged (50-85- year-old) participants with MMSE <24, a minimum MMSE cutoff most frequently used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. As a secondary analysis, random forest models were constructed to estimate the relative association of the MMSE with potentially relevant variables. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample set (n = 3,404) was 44.4 (SD, 16.0) years old and 64.5% female. Median MMSE was 28 (IQR, 28-29). The percentage of trial-aged participants (n = 1,267) with MMSE <24 was 18.6% overall and 54.3% among the subset with 0-4 YOE (n = 230). The five variables most associated with the MMSE in the study sample were education, age, exercise, C-reactive protein, and anxiety. CONCLUSION: The minimum MMSE cutoffs in most phase III prodromal-to-mild AD trials would exclude a significant proportion of trial-aged participants in this MA cohort, including over half of those with 0-4 YOE.","journal":"Journal of Alzheimer s Disease","year":2023,"id":349194,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":10,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.841,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1092865,"name":"Miriam Hinojosa","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092367,"name":"Kristofer Harris","orcid":"0000-0003-1250-6650","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":438150,"name":"Xiaojin Li","orcid":"0000-0003-2273-186X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":933505,"name":"Christine Farrell","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":632871,"name":"Madison Shyer","orcid":"0000-0002-8166-1868","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092368,"name":"Nathan Goodwin","orcid":"0000-0003-4507-8226","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092866,"name":"Sahar Anjum","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":850074,"name":"Omar Hasan","orcid":"0000-0002-3451-3299","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092369,"name":"Susan Cooper","orcid":"0000-0003-1211-6214","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092867,"name":"Lois Sciba","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092868,"name":"Amanda Falk Vargas","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092869,"name":"David H. Hunter","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":888976,"name":"Guadalupe J. Ortiz","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092370,"name":"Karen Chung","orcid":"0000-0002-1459-8416","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":110439,"name":"Licong Cui","orcid":"0000-0001-5549-8780","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":428368,"name":"Guo‐Qiang Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-3663-1109","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":498062,"name":"Susan P. Fisher‐Hoch","orcid":"0000-0002-7894-5114","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":498061,"name":"Joseph B. McCormick","orcid":"0000-0002-5844-8102","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":276847,"name":"Paul E. Schulz","orcid":"0000-0003-0676-002X","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":361633,"name":"Avram S. Bukhbinder","orcid":"0000-0002-7190-7676","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":72,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:14.919810Z","pmid":"36872776","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}