{"doi":"10.3174/ajnr.a7341","title":"Quantifying T2-FLAIR Mismatch Using Geographically Weighted Regression and Predicting Molecular Status in Lower-Grade Gliomas","abstract":"<h3>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</h3> The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign is a validated imaging sign of <i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>–mutant 1p/19q noncodeleted gliomas. It is identified by radiologists through visual inspection of preoperative MR imaging scans and has been shown to identify <i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>–mutant 1p/19q noncodeleted gliomas with a high positive predictive value. We have developed an approach to quantify the T2-FLAIR mismatch signature and use it to predict the molecular status of lower-grade gliomas. <h3>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h3> We used multiparametric MR imaging scans and segmentation labels of 108 preoperative lower-grade glioma tumors from The Cancer Imaging Archive. Clinical information and T2-FLAIR mismatch sign labels were obtained from supplementary material of relevant publications. We adopted an objective analytic approach to estimate this sign through a geographically weighted regression and used the residuals for each case to construct a probability density function (serving as a residual signature). These functions were then analyzed using an appropriate statistical framework. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> We observed statistically significant (<i>P</i> value = .05) differences between the averages of residual signatures for an <i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>–mutant 1p/19q noncodeleted class of tumors versus other categories. Our classifier predicts these cases with area under the curve of 0.98 and high specificity and sensitivity. It also predicts the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign within these cases with an under the curve of 0.93. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> On the basis of this retrospective study, we show that geographically weighted regression–based residual signatures are highly informative of the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign and can identify <i>isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>–mutation and 1p/19q codeletion status with high predictive power. The utility of the proposed quantification of the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign can be potentially validated through a prospective multi-institutional study.","journal":"American Journal of Neuroradiology","year":2021,"id":182371,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9552,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":281247,"name":"Visweswaran Ravikumar","orcid":"0000-0003-4670-3898","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264659,"name":"Elisa Warner","orcid":"0000-0001-6694-2701","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263715,"name":"Sohil H. Patel","orcid":"0000-0002-9739-4362","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103874,"name":"Spyridon Bakas","orcid":"0000-0001-8734-6482","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":69715,"name":"Arvind Rao","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-426X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263713,"name":"Rajan Jain","orcid":"0000-0002-4879-0457","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":384693,"name":"Shariq Mohammed","orcid":"0000-0002-3107-2969","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":27,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:48:13.605421Z","pmid":"34764084","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}