{"doi":"10.3171/2022.11.focus22622","title":"Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: reviewing the past and charting the future","abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical techniques targeting behavioral disorders date back thousands of years. In this review, the authors discuss the history of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, starting with trephination in the Stone Age, progressing through the fraught practice of prefrontal lobotomy, and ending with modern neurosurgical techniques for treating psychiatric conditions, including ablative procedures, conventional deep brain stimulation, and closed-loop neurostimulation. Despite a tumultuous past, psychiatric neurosurgery is on the cusp of becoming a transformative therapy for patients with psychiatric dysfunction, with an ever-increasing evidence base suggesting reproducible and ethical therapeutic benefit.</jats:p>","journal":"Neurosurgical Focus","year":2023,"id":638779,"datarank":0.4636563680037475,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"self_citation_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":539574,"name":"Charles Palmer","orcid":"0009-0004-4355-6348","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1659360,"name":"Claudia A. Salazar","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1659361,"name":"Thomas Larrew","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1659362,"name":"Suzanne E. Kerns","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304032,"name":"E. Baron Short","orcid":"0000-0001-7390-6717","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106043,"name":"Mark S. George","orcid":"0000-0003-1767-1815","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1091540,"name":"Nathan C. Rowland","orcid":"0000-0002-6414-931X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1659359,"name":"Luke Bauerle","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: reviewing the past and charting the future","abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical techniques targeting behavioral disorders date back thousands of years. In this review, the authors discuss the history of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, starting with trephination in the Stone Age, progressing through the fraught practice of prefrontal lobotomy, and ending with modern neurosurgical techniques for treating psychiatric conditions, including ablative procedures, conventional deep brain stimulation, and closed-loop neurostimulation. Despite a tumultuous past, psychiatric neurosurgery is on the cusp of becoming a transformative therapy for patients with psychiatric dysfunction, with an ever-increasing evidence base suggesting reproducible and ethical therapeutic benefit.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"36724525","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4318775066","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.3283,"citation_percentile":0.93099618,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":9},{"year":2025,"count":7},{"year":2026,"count":4}],"oa_status":"gold","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://thejns.org/downloadpdf/journals/neurosurg-focus/54/2/article-pE8.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://thejns.org/downloadpdf/journals/neurosurg-focus/54/2/article-pE8.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://thejns.org/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/54/2/article-pE8.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://thejns.org/downloadpdf/journals/neurosurg-focus/54/2/article-pE8.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3171/2022.11.focus22622","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36724525","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Neurological disorders and treatments","Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders","Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","Humans","Neurosurgery","Deep Brain Stimulation","Mental Disorders","Neurosurgical Procedures","Psychosurgery"],"mesh_terms":["Mental Disorders","Humans","Neurosurgery","Psychosurgery","Neurosurgical Procedures","Deep Brain Stimulation"],"keywords":["Neurosurgery","Deep brain stimulation","Psychosurgery","Psychiatry","Medicine","Neurostimulation","Psychology","Internal medicine","Depression","History Of Medicine","Obsessive-compulsive Disorder"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-06T21:28:47.825559Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}