{"doi":"10.31234/osf.io/p8nq4","title":"The impact of language background and listening-in-noise on the phonemic restoration effect","abstract":"Listeners often need to understand speech in the presence of background noise or other degraded conditions; doing so is particularly difficult for bilinguals. Phonemic restoration (PR) may be a helpful speech mechanism in noisy settings: this term describes the phenomenon where the brain \"fills in\" missing information, causing listeners to perceive a speech signal interrupted with noise as if it were complete. PR is driven by a combination of top-down and bottom-up factors, and there exists natural variation between groups and individuals in the size of the PR benefit derived from combining these sources of information. The purpose of this study was to test how the benefit to sentence comprehension from perceptual restoration in understanding sentences is affected by number of known languages (monolingual or bilingual), as well as other individual differences between listeners such as the ability to understand sentences in continuous background noise, working memory, and vocabulary knowledge. Phonemic restoration was tested in a broad sample of English monolinguals and bilinguals. Not all participants showed a PR benefit, which highlights the need for diverse participant recruitment. However, we found that listeners who are better at comprehending sentences in steady-state background noise showed a greater PR benefit. The results suggest that though individuals vary greatly, monolinguals and bilinguals exhibit a similar overall relationship between listening in noise ability and the PR benefit. This replicates and extends previous findings to provide further evidence that the general processes underlying speech understanding in adverse listening environments are consistent across previous language experience.","journal":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","year":2022,"id":303805,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9597,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":978032,"name":"Rochelle S. Newman","orcid":"0000-0002-1626-4241","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":956905,"name":"Erika Lynn Exton","orcid":"0000-0001-9708-6522","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":109,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:32:28.468841Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}