{"doi":"10.31234/osf.io/nvh98","title":"Dissociable contributions of goal-relevant evidence and goal-irrelevant familiarity to individual and developmental differences in conflict recognition","abstract":"Recent studies using the diffusion decision model (DDM) find that performance across many cognitive control tasks can be largely attributed to a task-general efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA) factor that reflects individuals’ ability to selectively gather evidence relevant to task goals. However, estimates of EEA from an n-back “conflict recognition” paradigm in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large, diverse sample of youth, appear to contradict these findings. EEA estimates from “lure” trials – which present stimuli that are familiar (i.e., presented previously) but do not meet formal criteria for being a target – show inconsistent relations with EEA estimates from other trials and display atypical v-shaped bivariate distributions, suggesting many individuals are responding based largely on stimulus familiarity rather than goal-relevant stimulus features. We present a new formal model of evidence integration in conflict recognition tasks that distinguishes individuals’ EEA for goal-relevant evidence from their use of goal-irrelevant familiarity. We then investigate developmental, cognitive, and clinical correlates of these novel parameters. Parameters for EEA and goal-irrelevant familiarity-based processing showed strong correlations across levels of n-back load, suggesting they are task-general dimensions that influence individuals’ performance regardless of working memory demands. Only EEA showed large, robust developmental differences in the ABCD sample and an independent age-diverse sample. EEA also exhibited higher test-retest reliability and meaningful associations with clinically relevant dimensions. These findings establish a principled modeling framework for characterizing conflict recognition mechanisms and have several broader implications for research on individual and developmental differences in cognitive control.","journal":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","year":2023,"id":415107,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9544,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":909114,"name":"Takakuni Suzuki","orcid":"0000-0003-4247-280X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":452886,"name":"Lena J. Skalaban","orcid":"0000-0002-6851-3836","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281331,"name":"May I. Conley","orcid":"0000-0002-0961-387X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281332,"name":"Alexandra O. Cohen","orcid":"0000-0002-3116-3529","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285456,"name":"Hugh Garavan","orcid":"0000-0002-8939-1014","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":434521,"name":"Mary M. Heitzeg","orcid":"0000-0002-6737-2971","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299173,"name":"B.J. Casey","orcid":"0000-0003-2905-9834","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304987,"name":"Chandra Sripada","orcid":"0000-0001-9025-6453","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":711345,"name":"Andrew Heathcote","orcid":"0000-0003-4324-5537","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":361170,"name":"Alexander Weigard","orcid":"0000-0003-3820-6461","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":91,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:22:08.814145Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}