{"doi":"10.31234/osf.io/eu85d","title":"Tier 2 interventions within the RtI-model for developing students’ word decoding – a systematic review and meta-analysis","abstract":"AbstractObjectives: This PRISMA pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if K–2 students at-risk for reading impairment benefited from tier 2 reading intervention compared to teaching as usual (TAU) on word decoding outcomes.Eligibility criteria: Adequately sized randomized controlled trials of tier 2 reading interventions within the Response to Intervention (RtI) model were included. Trials targeted K–2 at-risk students compared with TAU controls, for at least 20 sessions of intervention in school with more than 30 students per group. Information sources: A database search of ERIC, PsycINFO, LLBA, Web of Science and Google Scholar took place, followed by hand searches of reviews and meta-analyses. Risk of bias: Studies were assessed with Cochrane’s risk of bias tool (Rob 2), R-index and funnel plots. Included studies: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria but only four had sufficient data to extract for the meta-analysis.Synthesis of results: The weighted mean effect size across the four included studies was Hedges’ g = 0.31 95% CI [0.12, 0.50] which means that the intervention group improved their decoding more than students receiving TAU. Leave-one-out analysis showed that the weighted effect was not dependent on a single study. Description of the effect: Students at-risk of reading difficulties benefit from tier 2 reading interventions as evidenced by a small effect on decoding ability. Strengths and limitations of evidence: This systematic review used the PRISMA gold standard but only four studies met inclusion criteria.Interpretation: Tier 2 reading interventions, conducted in small groups within RtI, can support decoding development.","journal":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","year":2020,"id":133450,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9334,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":589381,"name":"Rickard Carlsson","orcid":"0000-0002-6456-5735","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":589382,"name":"Linda Fälth","orcid":"0000-0001-7261-590X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":589383,"name":"Thomas Nordström","orcid":"0000-0002-3829-4169","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":589380,"name":"Camilla Nilvius","orcid":"0000-0002-1653-6120","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":26,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:16:17.577688Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}