{"doi":"10.31234/osf.io/bpzug","title":"Noisy Speech Impairs Retention of Previously-Heard Information Only at Short Time Scales","abstract":"When speech is presented in noise, listeners must recruit cognitive resources to resolve the mismatch between the noisy input and representations in memory. A consequence of this effortful listening is impaired memory for content presented earlier. In the first study on effortful listening, Rabbitt (1968; Experiment 2) found that recall for a list of digits was poorer when subsequent digits were presented with masking noise than without. Experiment 3 extended this effect to more naturalistic, passage-length materials. Although the findings of Experiment 2 have been replicated multiple times, no work has assessed the robustness of Experiment 3. We conducted a replication attempt of Experiment 3 at three signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Results at one of the SNRs (Experiment 1a) were in the opposite direction from what Rabbitt (1968) reported—that is, speech was recalled more accurately when it was followed by speech presented in noise rather than quiet—and results at the other two SNRs showed no effect of noise (Experiments 1b and 1c). In addition, reanalysis of a replication of Experiment 2 showed that the effect of effortful listening on previously-presented information is transient. Thus, effortful listening caused by noise appears to only impair memory for information presented immediately before the noise, which may account for our finding that noise in the second-half of a long passage did not impair recall of information presented in the first half of the passage.","journal":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","year":2023,"id":400995,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9569,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1177675,"name":"Katrina Sewell","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3016","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1177676,"name":"Jed Villanueva","orcid":"0000-0002-8421-0368","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":588254,"name":"Julia Strand","orcid":"0000-0001-5950-0139","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":588251,"name":"Violet A. Brown","orcid":"0000-0001-5310-6499","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":21,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:20:08.195423Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}