{"doi":"10.2478/amb-2023-0036","title":"Changes in the Cytokine Profile in Patients During COVID-19 Infection","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 has proven to be a disease that affects not only the respiratory tract but also leads to a state of generalized systemic hyperinflammation and overall immune dysregulation. An important role in its pathogenesis is the disturbance of many cytokines – a condition which, in its most pronounced form, is also called a „cytokine storm“.</jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the serum cytokine levels during COVID-19 infection as potential biomarkers for the severity and course of infection.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By design, the study is a retrospective cross-sectional, in which the serum concentrations of 10 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) were investigated in 36 individuals (divided into 3 groups by severity – with a mild form of the infection/presymptomatic, moderately severe and severe/critical) within two periods – before and after the second week from the onset of symptoms of the disease.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the period up to the 2nd week, the serum concentrations of IFN-γ (p = 0.029), IL-1β (p = 0.017), and IL-5 (p = 0.014) showed a statistically significant correlation with the disease severity, however in the later stage of the disease the cytokine levels did not show any clinical value.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokine testing could be used to predict the severity of COVID-19 infection which could support individual therapeutic decisions. Analysis of a larger group of patients is needed to unfold the full potential of such testing.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","journal":"Acta Medica Bulgarica","year":2023,"id":655405,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1710900,"name":"S. Mihailova","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710901,"name":"R. Bilyukov","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710902,"name":"C. Popov","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710903,"name":"T. Kundurzhiev","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710904,"name":"E. Naumova","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710898,"name":"N. Ivanov","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Changes in the Cytokine Profile in Patients During COVID-19 Infection","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 has proven to be a disease that affects not only the respiratory tract but also leads to a state of generalized systemic hyperinflammation and overall immune dysregulation. An important role in its pathogenesis is the disturbance of many cytokines – a condition which, in its most pronounced form, is also called a „cytokine storm“.</jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the serum cytokine levels during COVID-19 infection as potential biomarkers for the severity and course of infection.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By design, the study is a retrospective cross-sectional, in which the serum concentrations of 10 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) were investigated in 36 individuals (divided into 3 groups by severity – with a mild form of the infection/presymptomatic, moderately severe and severe/critical) within two periods – before and after the second week from the onset of symptoms of the disease.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the period up to the 2nd week, the serum concentrations of IFN-γ (p = 0.029), IL-1β (p = 0.017), and IL-5 (p = 0.014) showed a statistically significant correlation with the disease severity, however in the later stage of the disease the cytokine levels did not show any clinical value.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokine testing could be used to predict the severity of COVID-19 infection which could support individual therapeutic decisions. Analysis of a larger group of patients is needed to unfold the full potential of such testing.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"19965766","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4389833427","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.355,"citation_percentile":0.60634714,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2025,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/amb-2023-0036","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/amb-2023-0036","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://reference-global.com/pdf/10.2478/amb-2023-0036","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2023-0036","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8815b61f80b4d8e80f7885f3cb89003","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","Inflammasome and immune disorders"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Cytokine storm","Medicine","Cytokine","Disease","Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","Pathogenesis","Interleukin 6","Immunology","Immune system","Severity of illness","Internal medicine","Infectious disease (medical specialty)"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T10:45:51.983005Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}