{"doi":"10.2475/04.2013.02","title":"Clumped isotopic equilibrium and the rate of isotope exchange between CO2 and water","abstract":null,"journal":"American Journal of Science","year":2013,"id":684403,"datarank":0.6515708132780527,"base_score":4.343805421853684,"endowment":4.343805421853684,"self_citation_contribution":0.6515708132780527,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6515708132780527,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":76,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1788008,"name":"H. P. Affek","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Clumped isotopic equilibrium and the rate of isotope exchange between CO2 and water","abstract":"The reaction of CO~2~ hydration/dehydration controls the oxygen isotopic composition in both carbonate minerals and atmospheric CO~2~ through the exchange of oxygen isotopes with water. The use of δ^18^O as an environmental indicator typically assumes isotopic equilibrium, namely full oxygen isotope exchange between CO~2~ and water. Clumped isotopes is a new isotopic tracer that is used in both CaCO~3~ and atmospheric CO~2~ and reflects the thermodynamic preference of two heavy isotopes, ^13^C and ^18^O in this case (given as Δ~47~), to \"clump\" together into one chemical bond at low temperatures. As such, the use of Δ~47~ as an indicator for temperature relies on the assumption of isotopic equilibrium. The experiments presented here examine the rate in which Δ~47~ of CO~2~ that interact with water approaches the equilibrium values. This rate is indistinguishable between Δ~47~ and δ^18^O, suggesting that the isotope exchange with water also leads to reorganization of the isotopes among CO~2~ isotopologues thus controlling the Δ~47~ values. The direct implication of the temporal link between Δ~47~ and δ^18^O is that when one isotopic system shows disequilibrium, either in DIC or in gas phase CO~2~, so will the other. As CO~2~ clumped isotope values are independent of the oxygen isotopic composition of the water participating in the reaction, disequilibrium in Δ~47~ is often identified more readily than in δ^18^O. The combination of clumped isotopes and oxygen isotopes is therefore likely to elucidate cases of suspected disequilibrium also in δ^18^O (and *vice versa*).","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.343805421853684,"endowment":4.343805421853684,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"26207759","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2130800225","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":13.3831,"citation_percentile":0.99343305,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2013,"count":3},{"year":2014,"count":10},{"year":2015,"count":10},{"year":2016,"count":9},{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":5},{"year":2019,"count":10},{"year":2020,"count":3},{"year":2021,"count":8},{"year":2022,"count":4},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":4},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://ajs.scholasticahq.com/article/62300.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://ajs.scholasticahq.com/article/62300.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2013.02","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","Isotope Analysis in Ecology"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Isotopologue","Isotope","Isotopes of oxygen","Oxygen isotope ratio cycle","Stable isotope ratio","Chemistry","Isotopic signature","Disequilibrium","Carbonate","Kinetic isotope effect","Equilibrium fractionation","Oxygen","Isotopic shift","Oxygen-18","Isotope fractionation","Deuterium"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-18T14:00:04.271655Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}