{"doi":"10.2337/dc23-1630","title":"Longitudinal Changes in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and Risk of Incident Diabetes: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of longitudinal changes in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone (T) over the menopause transition with the risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We followed 2,952 participants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) who were premenopausal or early perimenopausal and diabetes-free at baseline. SHBG,T, and estradiol (E2) levels were measured at up to 13 follow-up visits (over up to 17 years). We used complementary log-log-based discrete-time survival models anchored at baseline. RESULTS: Diabetes developed in 376 women. A 5-unit increase in time-varying SHBG was associated with a 10% reduced risk of diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.87-0.95), adjusting for covariates, and baseline SHBG,T, and E2 levels. Time-varying T was not associated with diabetes risk. Compared with the lowest quartile for annual rate of change of SHBG since baseline (quartile 1 [Q1] -92.3 to -1.5 nmol/L), all other quartiles were associated with a decreased risk of diabetes adjusting for covariates and baseline SHBG; associations persisted after adjusting for rate of change of T and E2 (Q2 [> -1.5 to -0.2 nmol/L] HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.48; Q3 [> -0.2 to 1.3 nmol/L] HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.25-0.55; Q4 [>1.3 to 82.0 nmol/L] HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30-0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing levels of SHBG over the menopause transition were associated with a decreased risk of incident diabetes. Stable to increasing rates of change in SHBG were also independently associated with a decreased risk of diabetes compared with decreasing rates of change, suggesting SHBG may affect glucose through a mechanism beyond androgenicity.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2024,"id":431370,"datarank":0.6251621182967696,"base_score":2.833213344056216,"endowment":2.833213344056216,"self_citation_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citation_network_contribution":0.20018011668833716,"self_endowment_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citer_contribution":0.20018011668833716,"corpus_percentile":68.384002475439,"corpus_rank":4088,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":16,"citers_with_citation_signal":8,"citers_with_endowment":8,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5276,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1235700,"name":"Angela M. Capra","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":313721,"name":"Catherine Lee","orcid":"0000-0003-0008-9052","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233927,"name":"Laurel A. Habel","orcid":"0000-0002-7230-587X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340163,"name":"Jennifer Lee","orcid":"0000-0003-3971-0766","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325348,"name":"Ellen B. Gold","orcid":"0000-0003-1013-171X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":503440,"name":"Sylvia E. Badon","orcid":"0000-0002-2868-4067","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":476818,"name":"Susanna D. Mitro","orcid":"0000-0003-3202-1941","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":309258,"name":"Samar R. El Khoudary","orcid":"0000-0003-2913-0821","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":322969,"name":"Monique M. Hedderson","orcid":"0000-0003-1768-0412","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":23,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:59:25.642507Z","pmid":"38320264","pmcid":"PMC10973900","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}