{"doi":"10.2337/dc23-0827","title":"Family Typology for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Longitudinal Stability and Validity for Diabetes Management and Well-being","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: We validated longitudinally a typology of diabetes-specific family functioning (named Collaborative and Helpful, Satisfied with Low Involvement, Want More Involvement, and Critically Involved) in adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted k-means cluster analyses with nine dimensions to determine if the typology replicated in a diverse sample and if type assignment was robust to variations in sampling and included dimensions. In a subsample with repeated assessments over 9 months, we examined the stability and validity of the typology. We also applied a multinomial logistic regression approach to make the typology usable at the individual level, like a diagnostic tool. RESULTS: Participants (N = 717) were 51% male, more than one-third reported minority race or ethnicity, mean age was 57 years, and mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 7.9% (63 mmol/mol; 8.7% [72 mmol/mol] for the longitudinal subsample). The typology was replicated with respect to the number of types and dimension patterns. Type assignment was robust to sampling variations (97% consistent across simulations). Type had an average 52% stability over time within participants; instability was not explained by measurement error. Over 9 months, type was independently associated with HbA1c, diabetes self-efficacy, diabetes medication adherence, diabetes distress, and depressive symptoms (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The typology of diabetes-specific family functioning was replicated, and longitudinal analyses suggest type is more of a dynamic state than a stable trait. However, type varies with diabetes self-management and well-being over time as a consistent independent indicator of outcomes. The typology is ready to be applied to further precision medicine approaches to behavioral and psychosocial diabetes research and care.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2023,"id":384455,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9064,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":298186,"name":"Shilin Zhao","orcid":"0000-0002-3921-3965","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":963088,"name":"McKenzie K. Roddy","orcid":"0000-0002-4248-3560","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308127,"name":"Andrew J. Spieker","orcid":"0000-0002-0548-8311","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414181,"name":"Cynthia A. Berg","orcid":"0000-0002-5693-4561","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333632,"name":"Lyndsay A. Nelson","orcid":"0000-0002-7304-5643","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260165,"name":"Robert A. Greevy","orcid":"0000-0002-1821-3544","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333634,"name":"Lindsay S. Mayberry","orcid":"0000-0002-0654-4151","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:17:37.110513Z","pmid":"37708437","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}