{"doi":"10.2337/dc22-1954","title":"Association and Interaction of Genetics and Area-Level Socioeconomic Factors on the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Quantify the impact of genetic and socioeconomic factors on risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Among participants in the Mass General Brigham Biobank (MGBB) and UK Biobank (UKB), we used logistic regression models to calculate cross-sectional odds of T2D and obesity using 1) polygenic risk scores for T2D and BMI and 2) area-level socioeconomic risk (educational attainment) measures. The primary analysis included 26,737 participants of European genetic ancestry in MGBB with replication in UKB (N = 223,843), as well as in participants of non-European ancestry (MGBB N = 3,468; UKB N = 7,459). RESULTS: The area-level socioeconomic measure most strongly associated with both T2D and obesity was percent without a college degree, and associations with disease prevalence were independent of genetic risk (P < 0.001 for each). Moving from lowest to highest quintiles of combined genetic and socioeconomic burden more than tripled T2D (3.1% to 22.2%) and obesity (20.9% to 69.0%) prevalence. Favorable socioeconomic risk was associated with lower disease prevalence, even in those with highest genetic risk (T2D 13.0% vs. 22.2%, obesity 53.6% vs. 69.0% in lowest vs. highest socioeconomic risk quintiles). Additive effects of genetic and socioeconomic factors accounted for 13.2% and 16.7% of T2D and obesity prevalence, respectively, explained by these models. Findings were replicated in independent European and non-European ancestral populations. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic and socioeconomic factors significantly interact to increase risk of T2D and obesity. Favorable area-level socioeconomic status was associated with an almost 50% lower T2D prevalence in those with high genetic risk.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2023,"id":333098,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":23,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9446,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":552058,"name":"Chirag M. Lakhani","orcid":"0000-0002-8431-3690","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253982,"name":"Josep M. Mercader","orcid":"0000-0001-8494-3660","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519738,"name":"Timothy D. Majarian","orcid":"0000-0002-0482-1602","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":707669,"name":"Philip Schroeder","orcid":"0000-0002-9885-7787","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5013,"name":"Joanne B. Cole","orcid":"0000-0001-9520-2788","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1150,"name":"José C. Florez","orcid":"0000-0002-1730-9325","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":833,"name":"Chirag J. Patel","orcid":"0000-0002-8756-8525","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16116,"name":"Alisa K. Manning","orcid":"0000-0003-0247-902X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284569,"name":"Sherri‐Ann M. Burnett‐Bowie","orcid":"0000-0002-0064-096X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":521105,"name":"Jordi Merino","orcid":"0000-0001-8312-1438","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":7372,"name":"Miriam S. Udler","orcid":"0000-0003-3824-9162","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263590,"name":"Sara J. Cromer","orcid":"0000-0002-4924-2049","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:09:39.719497Z","pmid":"36787958","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}