{"doi":"10.2337/dc20-0815","title":"Dietary Inflammatory and Insulinemic Potential and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To examine whether proinflammatory and hyperinsulinemic diets are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 74,767 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2016), 90,786 women from the Nurses' Health Study II (1989-2017), and 39,442 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016). Using repeated measures of food-frequency questionnaires, we calculated empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) scores, which are food-based indices that characterize dietary inflammatory or insulinemic potential based on circulating biomarkers of inflammation or C-peptide. Diagnoses of type 2 diabetes were confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaires. RESULTS: We documented 19,666 incident type 2 diabetes cases over 4.9 million person-years of follow-up. In the pooled multivariable-adjusted analyses, individuals in the highest EDIP or EDIH quintile had 3.11 times (95% CI 2.96-3.27) and 3.40 times (95% CI 3.23-3.58) higher type 2 diabetes risk, respectively, compared with those in the lowest quintile. Additional adjustment for BMI attenuated the associations (hazard ratio 1.95 [95% CI 1.85-2.05] for EDIP and hazard ratio 1.87 [95% CI 1.78-1.98] for EDIH), suggesting adiposity partly mediates the observed associations. Moreover, individuals in both highest EDIP and EDIH quintiles had 2.34 times higher type 2 diabetes risk (95% CI 2.17-2.52), compared with those in both lowest quintiles, after adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential were associated with increased type 2 diabetes incidence. Findings suggest that inflammation and hyperinsulinemia are potential mechanisms linking dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes development.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2020,"id":57660,"datarank":2.1221999275901475,"base_score":4.356708826689592,"endowment":4.356708826689592,"self_citation_contribution":0.6535063240034389,"citation_network_contribution":1.4686936035867086,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6535063240034389,"citer_contribution":1.4686936035867086,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":77,"citer_count":46,"citers_with_citation_signal":40,"citers_with_endowment":40,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8097,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"figshare":["10.2337/figshare.12739601"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":230951,"name":"Jun Li","orcid":"0000-0003-3519-8638","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":38870,"name":"Yanping Li","orcid":"0000-0002-0412-2748","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":262075,"name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-1430-3016","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241018,"name":"Kana Wu","orcid":"0000-0001-7300-1694","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230956,"name":"Shilpa N Bhupathiraju","orcid":"0000-0001-9910-6777","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":14733,"name":"Eric B. Rimm","orcid":"0000-0002-1402-7250","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":17007,"name":"Kathryn Rexrode","orcid":"0000-0003-3387-8429","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":11268,"name":"JoAnn E. Manson","orcid":"0000-0002-9426-7595","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104570,"name":"Walter C. Willett","orcid":"0000-0003-1458-7597","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55333,"name":"Frank B. Hu","orcid":"0000-0002-8233-6274","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230958,"name":"Fred K. Tabung","orcid":"0000-0001-8193-7150","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86230,"name":"Edward L. Giovannucci","orcid":"0000-0002-6123-0219","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240836,"name":"Dong Hoon Lee","orcid":"0000-0003-1329-4637","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":43,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:06:48.611399Z","pmid":"32873589","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}