{"doi":"10.2337/db20-1103","title":"Low-Dose ATG/GCSF in Established Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Follow-up Report","abstract":"Previously, we demonstrated low-dose antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) immunotherapy preserved C-peptide for 2 years in a pilot study of patients with established type 1 diabetes (n = 25). Here, we evaluated the long-term outcomes of ATG/GCSF in study participants with 5 years of available follow-up data (n = 15). The primary end point was area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide during a 2-h mixed-meal tolerance test. After 5 years, there were no statistically significant differences in AUC C-peptide when comparing those who received ATG/GCSF versus placebo (P = 0.41). A modeling framework based on mean trajectories in C-peptide AUC over 5 years, accounting for differing trends between groups, was applied to recategorize responders (n = 9) and nonresponders (n = 7). ATG/GCSF reponders demonstrated nearly unchanged HbA1c over 5 years (mean [95% CI] adjusted change 0.29% [–0.69%, 1.27%]), but the study was not powered for comparisons against nonresponders 1.75% (–0.57%, 4.06%) or placebo recipients 1.44% (0.21%, 2.66%). These data underscore the importance of long-term follow-up in previous and ongoing phase 2 trials of low-dose ATG in recent-onset type 1 diabetes.","journal":"Diabetes","year":2021,"id":173169,"datarank":0.8240606430981419,"base_score":3.2188758248682006,"endowment":3.2188758248682006,"self_citation_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citation_network_contribution":0.34122926936791165,"self_endowment_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citer_contribution":0.34122926936791165,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":24,"citer_count":20,"citers_with_citation_signal":18,"citers_with_endowment":18,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9521,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":240109,"name":"Jasmine A. Mack","orcid":"0000-0001-7343-0579","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":520372,"name":"Brittany Bruggeman","orcid":"0000-0002-5117-8031","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":506257,"name":"Laura M. Jacobsen","orcid":"0000-0002-5144-7836","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251267,"name":"Amanda L. Posgai","orcid":"0000-0002-9491-0958","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477240,"name":"Clive Wasserfall","orcid":"0000-0002-3522-8932","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356521,"name":"Todd M. Brusko","orcid":"0000-0003-2878-9296","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23929,"name":"Mark A. Atkinson","orcid":"0000-0001-8489-4782","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336607,"name":"Stephen E. Gitelman","orcid":"0000-0003-4186-4107","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336608,"name":"Peter A. Gottlieb","orcid":"0000-0002-7601-8536","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":363710,"name":"Matthew J. Gurka","orcid":"0000-0002-3371-4582","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":389036,"name":"Clayton E. Mathews","orcid":"0000-0002-8817-6355","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":506258,"name":"Desmond Schatz","orcid":"0000-0002-1044-5762","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356520,"name":"Michael J. Haller","orcid":"0000-0002-2803-1824","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":710294,"name":"Andrea Lin","orcid":"0000-0001-5228-8489","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":19,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:46:45.768135Z","pmid":"33632742","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}