{"doi":"10.2337/db09-1899","title":"Is the Diminished Incretin Effect in Type 2 Diabetes Just an Epi-Phenomenon of Impaired β-Cell Function?","abstract":null,"journal":"Diabetes","year":2010,"id":645501,"datarank":0.8048964022532777,"base_score":5.365976015021851,"endowment":5.365976015021851,"self_citation_contribution":0.8048964022532777,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8048964022532777,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":213,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":34488,"name":"Michael A. Nauck","orcid":"0000-0002-5749-6954","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1680854,"name":"Juris J. Meier","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Is the Diminished Incretin Effect in Type 2 Diabetes Just an Epi-Phenomenon of Impaired β-Cell Function?","abstract":"Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a deficit in β-cell mass, impaired insulin secretion in response to various stimuli (1–3), as well as a variable extent of insulin resistance (4). More specifically, regarding β-cell function, a significant reduction of the incretin effect, i.e., the postprandial augmentation of insulin secretion by gut hormones, has been described in patients with type 2 diabetes (5). Thus, while the two incretin hormones gastric inhibitory polypeptide (glucose-dependent insulinotopic polypeptide [GIP]) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are held responsible for ∼50–70% of the postprandial insulin responses in healthy individuals (6), their contribution to the overall insulin responses after oral glucose ingestion may amount to <20% in patients with type 2 diabetes (5,7). The reasons underlying the loss of incretin activity in type 2 diabetes are still incompletely understood. The present article reviews the available evidence regarding disturbances in the enteroinsular axis in patients with type 2 diabetes and provides possible explanations for their etiologies, focusing on the personal experience of the authors.\n\n### Secretion of incretin hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes.\n\nBecause the incretin effect has been related to the secretion and insulinotropic action of GIP and GLP-1 (8,9), it was obvious to compare these parameters between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control subjects: Regarding the secretion of GIP, elevated, normal, and reduced plasma levels have been described in patients with type 2 diabetes (10–15). However, taking together all the evidence available, the secretion of GIP appears to be relatively unchanged in type 2 diabetic patients. For GLP-1 release, the case is even more complex. Several studies have reported significant reductions in GLP-1 levels after mixed meal ingestion in patients with type 2 diabetes (10,16,17). In addition, one study has found minor impairments in GLP-1 levels in individuals with impaired glucose …","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.365976015021851,"endowment":5.365976015021851,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"20427697","pmcid":"PMC2857890","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2097621088","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":12.9237,"citation_percentile":0.99302139,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":19},{"year":2013,"count":27},{"year":2014,"count":17},{"year":2015,"count":17},{"year":2016,"count":16},{"year":2017,"count":16},{"year":2018,"count":8},{"year":2019,"count":15},{"year":2020,"count":5},{"year":2021,"count":11},{"year":2022,"count":7},{"year":2023,"count":6},{"year":2024,"count":13},{"year":2025,"count":5},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/diabetes/59/5/1117.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/diabetes/59/5/1117.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.org/diabetes/diabetes/article-pdf/59/5/1117/396786/zdb00510001117.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article-pdf/59/5/1117/396786/zdb00510001117.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-1899","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20427697","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2857890","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2857890","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2857890?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Diabetes Treatment and Management","Pancreatic function and diabetes","Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide","Glucagon-Like Peptide 1","Humans","Incretins","Insulin-Secreting Cells","Models, Biological"],"mesh_terms":["Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide","Humans","Models, Biological","Insulin-Secreting Cells","Glucagon-Like Peptide 1","Incretins"],"keywords":["Incretin","Type 2 diabetes","Postprandial","Internal medicine","Endocrinology","Medicine","Diabetes mellitus","Insulin","Hormone","Gastric inhibitory polypeptide","Insulin resistance","Glucagon-like peptide-1","Secretion","Glucagon"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.20782257.v1","title":"Additional file 1 of Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.20782257","title":"Additional file 1 of Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"refsnp"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-09T06:16:39.566584Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}