{"doi":"10.2337/cd25-0015","title":"Assessment of Large Language Models for Enhancing Diabetologist-Developed Personalized Treatment Plans in Complex Type 2 Diabetes","abstract":"Treatment decisions for type 2 diabetes are complex and multifactorial. This study evaluated the utility of OpenAI's generative pre-trained transformer-4 (GPT-4) large language model in enhancing treatment plans for people with diabetes. The authors assessed GPT-4's ability to extract and critically evaluate diabetologist-developed treatment plans from patients' clinical notes. GPT-4 accurately discerned personalized treatment goals but performed suboptimally when identifying plans that could be further improved and personalized. However, 40% of GPT-4's reasoning and explanations were still considered helpful by experienced academic diabetologists, suggesting a potential broad benefit to less expert physicians, such as those in primary care settings.","journal":"Clinical Diabetes","year":2025,"id":9890,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.0424,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-08-20","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":3066,"name":"Madhumita Sushil","orcid":"0000-0001-7884-0526","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3067,"name":"Brenda Y. Miao","orcid":"0000-0002-3393-9837","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29199,"name":"Sarah Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-3599-5509","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29200,"name":"Umesh Masharani","orcid":"0000-0002-3269-804X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29201,"name":"Gregory Ku","orcid":"0000-0001-5306-4225","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29202,"name":"Victoria Hsiao","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29203,"name":"Aloukika Shah","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29204,"name":"Suneil K. Koliwad","orcid":"0000-0002-7367-1054","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":51,"name":"Atul Janardhan Butte","orcid":"0000-0002-7433-2740","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3412,"name":"Christopher Y. K. Williams","orcid":"0000-0001-8867-1623","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29205,"name":"Victoria C. Hsiao","orcid":"0000-0001-5970-801X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3065,"name":"Michelle Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-3207-1490","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":29,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}