{"doi":"10.2307/2531248","title":"Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes","abstract":"Longitudinal data sets are comprised of repeated observations of an outcome and a set of covariates for each of many subjects. One objective of statistical analysis is to describe the marginal expectation of the outcome variable as a function of the covariates while accounting for the correlation among the repeated observations for a given subject. This paper proposes a unifying approach to such analysis for a variety of discrete and continuous outcomes. A class of generalized estimating equations (GEEs) for the regression parameters is proposed. The equations are extensions of those used in quasi-likelihood (Wedderburn, 1974, Biometrika 61, 439-447) methods. The GEEs have solutions which are consistent and asymptotically Gaussian even when the time dependence is misspecified as we often expect. A consistent variance estimate is presented. We illustrate the use of the GEE approach with longitudinal data from a study of the effect of mothers' stress on children's morbidity.","journal":"Biometrics","year":1986,"id":676,"datarank":29.430788292080273,"base_score":8.9641840463529,"endowment":8.9641840463529,"self_citation_contribution":1.344627606952935,"citation_network_contribution":28.086160685127336,"self_endowment_contribution":1.344627606952935,"citer_contribution":28.086160685127336,"corpus_percentile":98.0,"corpus_rank":1796,"citation_count":7817,"citer_count":198,"citers_with_citation_signal":198,"citers_with_endowment":198,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1986-03-01","authors":[{"id":6680,"name":"Kung-Yee Liang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6681,"name":"Kung‐Yee Liang","orcid":"0000-0002-0343-2779","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6679,"name":"Scott L. Zeger","orcid":"0000-0001-8907-1603","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":18,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}