{"doi":"10.2217/imt-2020-0329","title":"Delayed cytokine release syndrome after neoadjuvant nivolumab: a case report and literature review","abstract":"Aim: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is an infrequently described immune-related adverse event of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). CPI-induced CRS typically presents with fevers, hemodynamic instability and organ dysfunction within 2 weeks of the last treatment cycle. Case study: We report an unusual case of delayed and severe CRS occurring postoperatively in a patient with hepatic-limited metastatic colorectal cancer who received neoadjuvant immunotherapy. After a negative workup for alternative causes, he received prolonged corticosteroid treatment with symptom resolution. Conclusion: CPI-induced CRS can mimic sepsis and clinicians should maintain a high-index of suspicion to diagnose this immune-related adverse event early and initiate appropriate treatment. As use of perioperative immunotherapy increases, the potential role of surgery to trigger CRS in this case warrants further investigation.","journal":"Immunotherapy","year":2021,"id":181336,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9628,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":441217,"name":"Howard S. Höchster","orcid":"0000-0002-9893-1529","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731751,"name":"David A. August","orcid":"0000-0002-1966-6748","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304941,"name":"Darren R. Carpizo","orcid":"0000-0002-3824-0160","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":557418,"name":"Kristen Spencer","orcid":"0000-0001-5577-3439","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731750,"name":"Aaron Ciner","orcid":"0000-0002-5656-0758","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:48:01.257885Z","pmid":"34287029","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}