{"doi":"10.21873/invivo.12239","title":"Inhibition of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Enhances the Efficacy of Radiotherapy and Reduces Immune Suppression in Glioblastoma","abstract":"AIM: To use inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) to target tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and improve the efficacy of radiotherapy in glioblastoma (GBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CSF-1R inhibitor BLZ-945 was used to examine the impact of CSF-1R inhibition on M2 polarization in vitro. Using an orthotopic, immunocompetent GBM model, mice were treated with vehicle, RT, BLZ-945, or RT plus BLZ-945. RESULTS: BLZ-945 reduced M2 polarization in vitro. BLZ-945 alone did not improve median overall survival (mOS=29 days) compared to control mice (mOS=27 days). RT improved survival (mOS=45 days; p=0.02), while RT plus BLZ-945 led to the longest survival (mOS=not reached; p=0.005). Resected tumors had a relatively large population of M2 TAMs in GBM at baseline, which was increased in response to RT. BLZ-945 reduced RT-induced M2 infiltration. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of CSF-1R improved response to RT in the treatment of GBM and may represent a promising strategy to improve RT-induced antitumor immune responses.","journal":"In Vivo","year":2021,"id":158285,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":46,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9684,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":666809,"name":"Thomas J. Quinn","orcid":"0000-0001-7326-2640","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259492,"name":"Pravin Kesarwani","orcid":"0000-0002-9095-1568","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":261309,"name":"Shiva Kant","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":32009,"name":"C. Ryan Miller","orcid":"0000-0002-0096-8762","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259495,"name":"Prakash Chinnaiyan","orcid":"0000-0001-9336-1734","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":666808,"name":"Muayad F. Almahariq","orcid":"0000-0001-8138-3389","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":38,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:26.210708Z","pmid":"33402457","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}