{"doi":"10.2166/wst.1997.0763","title":"The presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface waters and effluents in Israel","abstract":"<jats:p>During a period of 9 months (May 1995-January 1996), various environmental sources were investigated for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Israel. Out of 15 samples from five streams, 12 were positive for Cryptosporidium (80%) with an average concentration of 0.04–1.9 oocysts/l and 8 were positive for Giardia (53.3%) with 0.05–0.78 cysts/l. Two springs were also tested and found positive for Cryptosporidium and (0.54 oocysts/l) only. The main drinking water reservoir of Israel, Lake Kineret, was also sampled 6 times at two sites. Cryptosporidium was isolated in 4/6 samples (66.6%) at an average concentration of 0.3–1.09 oocysts/l while Giardia was present in 5/6 samples (83.3%), 0.135–16.2 cysts/l. Drinking water entering a filtration pilot plant was also tested and found positive for Cryptosporidium in 23/35 samples (0–317 oocysts/l) and 8/35 for Giardia (0–16.7 cysts/l). In order to evaluate some potential inputs of contamination of the drinking water sources, two possible contributors were tested: domestic sewage and cowshed effluents. In sewage effluents, 3/3 samples were positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The oocysts and cysts were present at 8.3–8.05/l and 5–27.3/l respectively. In cowshed effluents, 1/6 samples was positive for Cryptosporidium at a high concentration (3,630 oocysts/l) but no Giardia cysts were found. The levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts and cysts isolated from these environmental samples may present a public health hazard although no major outbreaks have so far been reported in Israel.</jats:p>","journal":"Water Science and Technology","year":1997,"id":35540,"datarank":1.2676577513270897,"base_score":2.833213344056216,"endowment":2.833213344056216,"self_citation_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citation_network_contribution":0.8426757497186572,"self_endowment_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citer_contribution":0.8426757497186572,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":15,"citers_with_citation_signal":14,"citers_with_endowment":14,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":181817,"name":"D. Gold","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":181818,"name":"G. Shelef","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":181819,"name":"R. Armon","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":181816,"name":"U. Zuckerman","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.833213344056216,"endowment":2.833213344056216,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"18998881","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4247739530","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.9511,"citation_percentile":0.75292284,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2013,"count":1},{"year":2017,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"http://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/35/11-12/381/28877/381.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0763","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Cryptosporidium","Giardia","Effluent","Sewage","Veterinary medicine","Biology","Microbiology","Contamination","Environmental engineering","Feces","Environmental science","Ecology","Medicine"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-10T04:34:41.429887Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}