{"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-151021/v1","title":"On Estimating Survival and Hazard Ratios Using One Time-Scale When Cohort Data Have Multiple Time-Scales: A Simulation Study","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n        <jats:p><jats:bold>Background</jats:bold>: When estimating survival functions and hazard ratios during theanalysis of cohort data, we often choose one time-scale, such as time-on-study, asthe primary time-scale, and include a xed covariate, such as age at entry, in themodel. However, we rarely consider the possibility of simultaneous effects ofmultiple time-scales on the hazard function. <jats:bold>Methods</jats:bold>: In a simulation study, within the framework of exible parametricmodels, we investigate whether relying on one time-scale and xed covariate asproxy for the second time-scale is sucient in capturing the true survivalfunctions and hazard ratios when there are actually two underlying time-scales. <jats:bold>Result</jats:bold>: We demonstrate that the one-time-scale survival models appeared toapproximate well the survival proportions, however, large bias was observed in thelog hazard ratios if the covariate of interest had interactions with the secondtime-scale or with both time-scales. <jats:bold>Conclusion</jats:bold>: We recommend to exercise caution and encourage tting modelswith multiple time-scales if it is suspected that the cohort data have underlyingnon-proportional hazards on the second time-scale or both time-scales.</jats:p>","journal":null,"year":null,"id":40326,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":196169,"name":"Hannah Bower","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196170,"name":"Paul Dickman","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196171,"name":"Robert Szulkin","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196172,"name":"Paul C. Lambert","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196173,"name":"Therese M-L. Andersson","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196168,"name":"Nurgul Batyrbekova","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"36284789","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3122093766","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research","grant_id":"NC/P001076/1","title":null},{"funder_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","grant_id":"BBS/E/T/000PR9817","title":null},{"funder_name":"Wellcome Trust","grant_id":"209558/Z/17/Z","title":null},{"funder_name":"HCRW_","grant_id":"RFPPB-18-1497(T)","title":null},{"funder_name":"Medical Research Council","grant_id":"MR/S036954/1","title":null},{"funder_name":"Medical Research Council","grant_id":"MR/K010468/1","title":null}],"total_grants":6,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"green","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-151021/v1.pdf?c=1631866697000","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-151021/v1","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-151021/v1.pdf?c=1631866697000","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-151021/v1","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-151021/v1.html","host_type":"publisher"}],"fields_of_study":["Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","Environmental Science","Medicine"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Covariate","Hazard ratio","Proportional hazards model","Hazard","Scale (ratio)","Statistics","Survival analysis","Econometrics","Accelerated failure time model","Cohort","Survival function","Mathematics","Function (biology)","Computer science","Confidence interval","Geography","Biology","Cartography","carotid-cavernous fistula","endoscopy","endovascular treatment","transsphenoidal surgery","video"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Climate action"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-12T04:42:01.871668Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}