{"doi":"10.2105/ajph.89.5.662","title":"Methadone dosing, heroin affordability, and the severity of addiction.","abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES: This study sought to track changes in US heroin prices from 1988 to 1995 and to determine whether changes in the affordability of heroin were associated with changes in the use of heroin by users seeking methadone treatment, as indexed by methadone dose levels. METHODS: Data on the price of heroin were from the Drug Enforcement Administration; data on methadone doses were from surveys conducted in 1988, 1990, and 1995 of 100 methadone maintenance centers. Multivariable models that controlled for time and city effects were used to ascertain whether clinics in cities where heroin was less expensive had patients receiving higher doses of methadone, which would suggest that these patients had relatively higher physiological levels of opiate addiction owing to increased heroin use. RESULTS: The amount of pure heroin contained in a $100 (US) purchase has increased on average 3-fold between 1988 and 1995. The average dose of methadone in clinics was positively associated with the affordability of local heroin (P &lt; .01). CONCLUSIONS: When heroin prices fall, heroin addicts require more methadone (a heroin substitute) to stabilize their addiction--evidence that they are consuming more heroin. </jats:p>","journal":"American Journal of Public Health","year":1999,"id":36817,"datarank":2.752712021522044,"base_score":3.332204510175204,"endowment":3.332204510175204,"self_citation_contribution":0.49983067652628066,"citation_network_contribution":2.2528813449957634,"self_endowment_contribution":0.49983067652628066,"citer_contribution":2.2528813449957634,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":27,"citer_count":27,"citers_with_citation_signal":21,"citers_with_endowment":21,"datacite_reuse_total":3,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":185738,"name":"J Lantos","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":185737,"name":"P B Bach","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":3.332204510175204,"endowment":3.332204510175204,"datacite_reuse_total":3,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"10224975","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2045244776","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"5R01-DA03272","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":4.4366,"citation_percentile":0.93826788,"influential_citations":1,"citation_trend":[{"year":2013,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508716","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.89.5.662","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.5.662","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10224975","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1508716","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","Medicine","Health Surveys","Heroin","Heroin Dependence","Humans","Illicit Drugs","Methadone","Models, Econometric","Multivariate Analysis","Narcotics","Patient Acceptance of Health Care","Population Surveillance","Severity of Illness Index","Time Factors","United States","Urban Health"],"mesh_terms":["Heroin","Health Surveys","Heroin Dependence","Humans","Methadone","Narcotics","Patient Acceptance of Health Care","Population Surveillance","Severity of Illness Index","Illicit Drugs","Time Factors","United States","Urban Health","Multivariate Analysis","Models, Econometric"],"keywords":["Heroin","Methadone","Dosing","Heroin addiction","Addiction","Psychiatry","Medicine","Heroin dependence","Drug","Environmental health","Pharmacology"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.3886/icpsr06850.v1","title":"Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data, 1995","publisher":"ICPSR - Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research","resource_type":"Dataset"},{"doi":"10.3886/icpsr06850","title":"Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data, 1995","publisher":"ICPSR - Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research","resource_type":"Dataset"},{"doi":"10.3886/icpsr09335","title":"Uniform Crime Reports: County Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data, 1988","publisher":"ICPSR - Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research","resource_type":"Dataset"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-10T17:30:15.559698Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}