{"doi":"10.2105/ajph.2025.308247","title":"Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk: A Parallel Analysis of Five Large US Prospective Cohorts","abstract":"Objectives. To determine whether outdoor air pollution exposure is associated with breast cancer incidence. Methods. Residential-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 , parts per billion [ppb]), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ; ≤ 2.5 μ/m 3 ) and ozone (ppb) in the United States were estimated for participants of the Nurses’ Health Studies, Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trials and Observational Study Cohort, and Sister Study using high-resolution spatiotemporal models. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated cohort-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and a random effects model determined summary HRs, overall and by estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) subtype and census region. Results. NO 2 was positively associated with overall breast cancer incidence (n = 28 811 cases; HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.05), with little variation by subgroups. PM 2.5 was associated with higher incidence of ER-/PR- tumors (n = 2367 cases; HR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.24; P-heterogeneity < .001) and with higher overall incidence in the Midwest (HR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.32; P-heterogeneity = .01). Ozone was not associated with overall incidence, but was associated with ER-/PR- tumors (n = 3406 cases; HR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.21; P-heterogeneity = .03). Conclusions. In this largest US study to date, we confirmed an association between NO 2 and breast cancer, and we present novel associations of PM 2.5 and ozone with ER-/PR- tumors. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(12): 2030–2043. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2025.308247 )","journal":"American Journal of Public Health","year":2025,"id":526995,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8854,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":104572,"name":"Jaime E. Hart","orcid":"0000-0002-0826-1163","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":888985,"name":"Sabah M. Quraishi","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":637539,"name":"Deborah B. Bookwalter","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":487342,"name":"Marina R. Sweeney","orcid":"0000-0003-3546-2937","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":611318,"name":"Elizabeth W. Spalt","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364566,"name":"Michael Hendryx","orcid":"0000-0002-2764-387X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":478769,"name":"Veronica L. Irvin","orcid":"0000-0001-6337-9108","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":243120,"name":"Dorothy S. Lane","orcid":"0000-0003-3272-0451","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272433,"name":"Aladdin H. Shadyab","orcid":"0000-0002-9693-0522","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272432,"name":"Shawnita Sealy–Jefferson","orcid":"0000-0002-8449-4903","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":27761,"name":"Marian L. Neuhouser","orcid":"0000-0002-3876-0000","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218550,"name":"Eric A. Whitsel","orcid":"0000-0003-4843-3641","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266060,"name":"Joel D. Kaufman","orcid":"0000-0003-4174-9037","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86191,"name":"Francine Laden","orcid":"0000-0002-2813-2174","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104612,"name":"Dale P. Sandler","orcid":"0000-0002-6776-0018","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105712,"name":"Alexandra J. White","orcid":"0000-0003-2455-2945","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":63,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:34.851930Z","pmid":"40998424","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}