{"doi":"10.2105/ajph.2007.122044","title":"The Impact of Universal Access to Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Stigma in Botswana","abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We sought to examine the impact of treatment access on HIV stigma in Botswana 3 years after the introduction of a national program of universal access to antiretroviral therapy. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We studied the prevalence and correlates of HIV stigma in a population-based study of 1268 adults in Botswana in 2004. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess correlates of stigmatizing attitudes and a new measure, anticipated HIV stigma. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. Overall, 38% of participants had at least 1 stigmatizing attitude: 23% would not buy food from a shopkeeper with HIV; 5% would not care for a relative with HIV. Seventy percent reported at least 1 measure of anticipated stigma: 54% anticipated ostracism after testing positive for HIV, and 31% anticipated mistreatment at work. Perceived access to antiretroviral therapy was strongly and independently associated with decreased odds of holding stigmatizing attitudes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24, 0.74) and of anticipated stigma (AOR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.30). </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Our findings suggest that antiretroviral therapy access may be a factor in reducing HIV stigma. Nevertheless, the persistence of stigmatizing attitudes and significant anticipated stigma suggest that HIV stigma must be a target for ongoing intervention. </jats:p>","journal":"American Journal of Public Health","year":2008,"id":670916,"datarank":9.065730084560087,"base_score":4.969813299576001,"endowment":4.969813299576001,"self_citation_contribution":0.7454719949364003,"citation_network_contribution":8.320258089623687,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7454719949364003,"citer_contribution":8.320258089623687,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":143,"citer_count":129,"citers_with_citation_signal":115,"citers_with_endowment":115,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":243099,"name":"Sheri D. Weiser","orcid":"0000-0002-7807-4072","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1752648,"name":"Karen Leiter","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":363879,"name":"Wayne T. Steward","orcid":"0000-0002-9692-1968","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1752649,"name":"Fiona Percy-de Korte","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":586839,"name":"Nthabiseng Phaladze","orcid":"0000-0002-4669-9385","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1752650,"name":"Vincent Iacopino","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258642,"name":"Michele Heisler","orcid":"0000-0002-6889-2063","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453504,"name":"William R. Wolfe","orcid":"0000-0003-2061-5320","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"The Impact of Universal Access to Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Stigma in Botswana","abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We sought to examine the impact of treatment access on HIV stigma in Botswana 3 years after the introduction of a national program of universal access to antiretroviral therapy. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We studied the prevalence and correlates of HIV stigma in a population-based study of 1268 adults in Botswana in 2004. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess correlates of stigmatizing attitudes and a new measure, anticipated HIV stigma. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. Overall, 38% of participants had at least 1 stigmatizing attitude: 23% would not buy food from a shopkeeper with HIV; 5% would not care for a relative with HIV. Seventy percent reported at least 1 measure of anticipated stigma: 54% anticipated ostracism after testing positive for HIV, and 31% anticipated mistreatment at work. Perceived access to antiretroviral therapy was strongly and independently associated with decreased odds of holding stigmatizing attitudes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24, 0.74) and of anticipated stigma (AOR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.30). </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Our findings suggest that antiretroviral therapy access may be a factor in reducing HIV stigma. Nevertheless, the persistence of stigmatizing attitudes and significant anticipated stigma suggest that HIV stigma must be a target for ongoing intervention. </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.969813299576001,"endowment":4.969813299576001,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"18703447","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1965811461","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIMH NIH HHS","grant_id":"K23 MH079713","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIMH NIH HHS","grant_id":"K23 MH079713-01","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":4.018,"citation_percentile":0.93861285,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":17},{"year":2013,"count":22},{"year":2014,"count":13},{"year":2015,"count":14},{"year":2016,"count":7},{"year":2017,"count":10},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":8},{"year":2020,"count":9},{"year":2021,"count":6},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":3},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":2},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2636454","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2636454","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122044","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.122044","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18703447","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","Adult","Anti-HIV Agents","Attitude to Health","Botswana","Cross-Sectional Studies","Female","HIV Infections","Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","Health Services Accessibility","Health Services Research","Humans","Logistic Models","Male","Multivariate Analysis","National Health Programs","Prevalence","Program Evaluation","Social Desirability","Stereotyping","Surveys and Questionnaires","Universal Health Insurance"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Attitude to Health","Botswana","Cross-Sectional Studies","Female","Health Services Accessibility","Health Services Research","Humans","Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","Male","National Health Programs","Surveys and Questionnaires","Social Desirability","Stereotyping","Program Evaluation","HIV Infections","Prevalence","Multivariate Analysis","Logistic Models","Anti-HIV Agents","Universal Health Insurance"],"keywords":["Stigma (botany)","Medicine","Social stigma","Odds ratio","Logistic regression","Odds","Population","Confidence interval","Psychiatry","Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","Antiretroviral therapy","Clinical psychology","Demography","Environmental health","Family medicine","Viral load","Internal medicine"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T00:33:36.526669Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}