{"doi":"10.18585/inabj.v15i5.2457","title":"Increased Levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP are Associated with the Occurrence of Hypoxemia in COVID-19","abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the severe complications of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can lead to the occurrence of hypoxemia. Hypoxemia occurs due to the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and coagulation factors. Several studies have shown that interferon (IFN)-γ, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are biological markers that can be used to evaluate the severity and prognosis of the disease in severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between IFN-γ, PAI-1, NT-proBNP and hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 subjects with hypoxemia. Hypoxemia assessment was performed based on arterial blood gas analysis. IFN-γ and PAI-1 were measured with ELISA, while NT-proBNP levels were measured with Roche NT-proBNP.RESULTS: Fifty-five COVID-19 subjects with hypoxemia were observed. Thirty subjects experiencing moderate to severe hypoxemia and 25 with mild hypoxemia. Levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP were higher in COVID-19 subjects with moderate to severe hypoxemia compared to those with mild hypoxemia (261.14 (121-348.60) pg/mL vs. 145.50 (59.90-348.60) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001; 5.47 (3.50-8.50) pg/mL vs. 3.40 (2.20-9.30) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001; 760 (112-34,066) pg/mL vs. 71 (48-364) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001).CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP are associated with hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that these markers may be useful in assessing hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.KEYWORDS: IFN-γ, PAI-1, NT-proBNP, hypoxemia, COVID-19</jats:p>","journal":"The Indonesian Biomedical Journal","year":2023,"id":662445,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1394082,"name":"Nur Farhanah","orcid":"0000-0002-7385-3325","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1729387,"name":"Charles Limantoro","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1729389,"name":"Nyoman Suci Widyastiti","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1729390,"name":"Mochamad Ali Sobirin","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1729384,"name":"Fathur Nur Kholis","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Increased Levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP are Associated with the Occurrence of Hypoxemia in COVID-19","abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the severe complications of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can lead to the occurrence of hypoxemia. Hypoxemia occurs due to the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and coagulation factors. Several studies have shown that interferon (IFN)-γ, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are biological markers that can be used to evaluate the severity and prognosis of the disease in severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between IFN-γ, PAI-1, NT-proBNP and hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 subjects with hypoxemia. Hypoxemia assessment was performed based on arterial blood gas analysis. IFN-γ and PAI-1 were measured with ELISA, while NT-proBNP levels were measured with Roche NT-proBNP.RESULTS: Fifty-five COVID-19 subjects with hypoxemia were observed. Thirty subjects experiencing moderate to severe hypoxemia and 25 with mild hypoxemia. Levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP were higher in COVID-19 subjects with moderate to severe hypoxemia compared to those with mild hypoxemia (261.14 (121-348.60) pg/mL vs. 145.50 (59.90-348.60) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001; 5.47 (3.50-8.50) pg/mL vs. 3.40 (2.20-9.30) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001; 760 (112-34,066) pg/mL vs. 71 (48-364) pg/mL, p&lt;0.001).CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of IFN-γ, PAI-1, and NT-proBNP are associated with hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that these markers may be useful in assessing hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.KEYWORDS: IFN-γ, PAI-1, NT-proBNP, hypoxemia, COVID-19</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"19162232","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4387741054","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.1702,"citation_percentile":0.49323378,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by-nc","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://inabj.org/index.php/ibj/article/download/2457/669","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://inabj.org/index.php/ibj/article/download/2457/669","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://inabj.org/index.php/ibj/article/viewFile/2457/669","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://inabj.org/index.php/ibj/article/viewFile/2457/670","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v15i5.2457","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b6b9326f829496a8df9e00b6372bdde","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","Respiratory Support and Mechanisms"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Hypoxemia","Medicine","ARDS","Natriuretic peptide","Internal medicine","Gastroenterology","Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","Respiratory distress","Respiratory system","Cardiology","Lung","Immunology","Disease","Anesthesia","Heart failure","Infectious disease (medical specialty)"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-12T15:00:09.507602Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}