{"doi":"10.18240/ijo.2023.02.16","title":"Flipped classroom approach to global outreach: cross-cultural teaching of horizontal strabismus to Chinese ophthalmology residents","abstract":"AIM: To evaluate the flipped classroom model for teaching horizontal strabismus didactics in an ophthalmology residency program in China as part of a visiting professorship from the United States. METHODS: Residents from an ophthalmology residency program in China were invited to participate in flipped classroom sessions taught by an experienced American ophthalmology faculty in 2018. Residents were instructed to watch a pre-class video lecture prior to the in-class-case-based activity. Content tests (5 Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program style questions) and surveys were administered before and after the classroom sessions (100% response rate). These results were compared to that of an American cohort who were taught the same content. RESULTS: The Chinese cohort of 12 residents preferred the flipped classroom to the traditional classroom at higher rates than the American cohort of 40 residents (92% vs 55%, P=0.04) and felt that all ophthalmology topics would be appropriate for the flipped classroom teaching style (P-values between 0.008 and <0.001). In both Chinese and American cohorts, we found that the exotropia curriculum saw a small but significant improvement in performance following the flipped classroom session (P=0.025 for Chinese residents; P=0.001 for US residents), whereas scores in both groups for the esotropia course did not significantly improve. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to evaluate the flipped classroom model implemented by a visiting ophthalmology professor in a global outreach setting. The flipped classroom sessions are viewed favorably by the Chinese residents relative to the US cohort with a modest impact on knowledge. Decreased in-person interpreter requirement and increased student engagement make this model valuable in cross-cultural visiting professorship settings. Finally, the flipped classroom may lend itself well to a virtual format to prevent the transmission of COVID-19, although such a format requires further study.","journal":"International Journal of Ophthalmology","year":2023,"id":402769,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.961,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1180415,"name":"Jocelyn Lam","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1180416,"name":"Eyehealth Northwest, Portland, OR 97209, USA","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731547,"name":"Laura B. Enyedi","orcid":"0000-0003-0206-8407","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":731546,"name":"Tammy L. Yanovitch","orcid":"0000-0003-2462-0530","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":732029,"name":"Nandini Gandhi","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364505,"name":"Leona Ding","orcid":"0000-0002-6234-6109","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364507,"name":"Michelle T. Cabrera","orcid":"0000-0002-8218-0775","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":666385,"name":"Randy Lu","orcid":"0000-0002-2430-7432","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":25,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:20:27.903246Z","pmid":"36816208","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}