{"doi":"10.17756/jrds.2015-016","title":"Dopamine in the Brain: Hypothesizing Surfeit or Deficit Links to Reward and Addiction","abstract":null,"journal":"Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome","year":2015,"id":619229,"datarank":0.7130385286659547,"base_score":4.7535901911063645,"endowment":4.7535901911063645,"self_citation_contribution":0.7130385286659547,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7130385286659547,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":115,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1597928,"name":"Peter Thanos","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1597929,"name":"Marlene Oscar-Berman","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":460951,"name":"Kenneth Blum","orcid":"0000-0001-6727-803X","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Dopamine in the Brain: Hypothesizing Surfeit or Deficit Links to Reward and Addiction","abstract":"Recently there has been debate concerning the role of brain dopamine in reward and addiction. David Nutt and associates eloquently proposed that dopamine (DA) may be central to psycho stimulant dependence and some what important for alcohol, but not important for opiates, nicotine or even cannabis. Others have also argued that surfeit theories can explain for example cocaine seeking behavior as well as non-substance-related addictive behaviors. It seems prudent to distinguish between what constitutes \"surfeit\" compared to\" deficit\" in terms of short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) brain reward circuitry responsivity. In an attempt to resolve controversy regarding the contributions of mesolimbic DA systems to reward, we review the three main competing explanatory categories: \"liking\", \"learning\", and \"wanting\". They are (a) the hedonic impact -liking reward, (b) the ability to predict rewarding effects-learning and (c) the incentive salience of reward-related stimuli -wanting. In terms of acute effects, most of the evidence seems to favor the \"surfeit theory\". Due to preferential dopamine release at mesolimbic-VTA-caudate-accumbens loci most drugs of abuse and Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) behaviors have been linked to heightened feelings of well-being and hyperdopaminergic states.The \"dopamine hypotheses\" originally thought to be simple, is now believed to be quite complex and involves encoding the set point of hedonic tone, encoding attention, reward expectancy, and incentive motivation. Importantly, Willuhn et al. shows that in a self-administration paradigm, (chronic) excessive use of cocaine is caused by decreased phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum. In terms of chronic addictions, others have shown a blunted responsivity at brain reward sites with food, nicotine, and even gambling behavior. Finally, we are cognizant of the differences in dopaminergic function as addiction progresses and argue that relapse may be tied to dopamine deficiency. Vulnerability to addiction and relapse may be the result of the cumulative effects of dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter genetic variants and elevated stress levels. We therefore propose that dopamine homeostasis may be a preferred goal to combat relapse.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.7535901911063645,"endowment":4.7535901911063645,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"27398406","pmcid":"PMC4936401","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2299717348","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIAAA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AA007112","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAAA NIH HHS","grant_id":"K05 AA000219","title":null},{"funder_name":"CSRD VA","grant_id":"I01 CX000479","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 DA019946","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIMH NIH HHS","grant_id":"R21 MH073624","title":null},{"funder_name":"NINDS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 NS073884","title":null},{"funder_name":"NICHD NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 HD070888","title":null},{"funder_name":"CSRD VA","grant_id":"I01 CX000326","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01AA007112-05","title":"AFFECTIVE AND CONATIVE CHANGES IN ALCOHOLISM"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01NS073884-02","title":"Dopamine Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1R01HD070888-01A1","title":"Skeletal Effects of Methylphenidate"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1R21MH073624-01","title":"Detection of Dopamine Release During a Cognitive Task"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01DA019946-03","title":"Brain Imaging of Cocaine and Maternal Reward"}],"total_grants":13,"fwci":2.0663,"citation_percentile":0.86397683,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":14},{"year":2019,"count":5},{"year":2020,"count":67},{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":9},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":6},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-016","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-016","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://blumsrewarddeficiencysyndrome.com/ets/articles/v1n1/jrds-016-kenneth-blum.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27398406","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4936401","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4936401","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4936401?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-016","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-016","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders","Schizophrenia research and treatment","03 medical and health sciences","0302 clinical medicine"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Incentive salience","Psychology","Addiction","Dopamine","Reward system","Brain stimulation reward","Ventral striatum","Reward dependence","Neuroscience","Neuropharmacology","Cognitive psychology","Nucleus accumbens","Striatum","Developmental psychology","Social psychology","Novelty seeking","Learning","Dopamine receptors","Neurogenetics","Reward Deficiency Syndrome","Liking And Wanting","Surfeit","Article"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":2,"sdg_label":"2. 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