{"doi":"10.17615/x8ye-es98","title":"Prediagnostic smoking is associated with binary and quantitative measures of ER protein and ESR1 mRNA expression in breast tumors","abstract":"Background: Smoking is a possible risk factor for breast cancer and has been linked to increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease in some epidemiologic studies. It is unknown whether smoking has quantitative effects on ER expression. Methods: We examined relationships between smoking and ER expression from tumors of 1,888 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from a population-based study in North Carolina. ER expression was characterized using binary (±) and continuous measures for ER protein, ESR1 mRNA, and a multigene luminal score (LS) that serves as a measure of estrogen signaling in breast tumors. We used logistic and linear regression models to estimate temporal and dose-dependent associations between smoking and ER measures. Results: The odds of ER+, ESR1+, and LS+ tumors among current smokers (at the time of diagnosis), those who smoked 20 or more years, and those who smoked within 5 years of diagnosis were nearly double those of nonsmokers. Quantitative levels of ESR1 were highestamong current smokers compared with never smokers overall [mean (log2) = 9.2 vs. 8.7, P > 0.05] and among ER+ cases; however, we did not observe associations betweensmokingmeasures and continuous ER protein expression. Conclusions: In relationship to breast cancer diagnosis, recent smoking was associated with higher odds of the ER+, ESR1+, and LS+ subtype. Current smoking was associated with elevated ESR1 mRNA levels and an elevated LS, but not with altered ER protein. Impact: A multigene LS and single-gene ESR1 mRNA may capture tumor changes associated with smoking.","journal":"UNC Libraries","year":2023,"id":410462,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.953,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":453989,"name":"Xuezheng Sun","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":261928,"name":"Andrew F. Olshan","orcid":"0000-0001-9115-5128","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24625,"name":"M. Chen","orcid":"0000-0001-7021-3720","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1188886,"name":"E.N. Butler","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256298,"name":"Joseph Geradts","orcid":"0009-0002-3817-8499","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270126,"name":"Melissa A. Troester","orcid":"0000-0001-9506-6624","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":594700,"name":"Kathleen Conway","orcid":"0000-0002-5540-3347","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251245,"name":"David B. Richardson","orcid":"0000-0002-6481-8851","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":367196,"name":"Jeannette T. Bensen","orcid":"0000-0003-4972-0087","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:21:35.071397Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}